Acknowledgements

List of Illustrations

List of Abbreviations

1 Introduction: Tracing the History of the Criminal-Animal Metaphor

Part I: Creating ‘Criminal Beasts’ in Early Modern Literature and Law

2 Catching Conies with Thomas Harman, Robert Greene, and Thomas Dekker

3 Richard III’s Animalistic Criminal Body

4 Of a Howling Murderer – The Duke of Malfi

5 Ben Jonson’s Comedies of Gulling Rogues

Part II: Humanizing Animals and ‘Animalizing’ the Lower Orders during the Long Eighteenth Century

Introduction to Part II: Eighteenth-Century Changes in the Criminal-Animal Trope

6 Colonialism and the ‘Criminal Beast’ in Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver’s Travels

7 William Hogarth’s The Four Stages of Cruelty – Sympathizing with Animals and Denigrating the Lower Orders as Beasts

8 The Prisoner as Suffering Animal – Caleb Williams’s Revision of the Criminal-Animal Metaphor

Part III: Reinstating the ‘Criminal Beast’ during the Nineteenth Century

Introduction to Part III: The Nineteenth Century’s Delineation of the Criminal Class

9 Charles Dickens’s Contradictions

10 The Criminal-Animal Metaphor and Lombrosian Criminology

11 Coda

Bibliography

Index