Unfolding the Matter of Nuclei ( International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi” )

Publication series :International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi”

Author: Molinari   A.  

Publisher: Ios Press‎

Publication year: 1998

E-ISBN: 9781614992233

P-ISBN(Hardback):  9789051994650

Subject: O4 Physics

Keyword: 物理学

Language: ENG

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Description

The nucleus and its constituents are a challenging problem. The lectures collected in this book present a broad and comprehensive review of the current knowledge about nuclei.They cover topics such as searching for signatures of the quarks in nuclei with electromagnetic probes and, at much higher energies, for signatures of the quark-gluon plasma in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions. The attempts to obtain new nuclei in the laboratory are also discussed, as well as the central role played by nuclear physics in the development of weak interactions. Progress in all these areas rests on a deeper theoretical handling of the nuclear and nucleon’s structure. The latter can also be addressed by relying on numerical solutions of QCD on a discrete space-time lattice. The advancement of computational capabilities has spurred a growing interest in this approach. Finally, the book deals with different paths toward solving non-perturbative QCD.

Chapter

Coloured quarks, glueballs and hybrids

Coloured quarks, glueballs and hybrids

Introduction

Introduction

Composite systems: from molecules to quarks

Composite systems: from molecules to quarks

Colour, the Pauli principle and spin-flavour correlations

Colour, the Pauli principle and spin-flavour correlations

Colour

Colour

Symmetries and correlations in baryons

Symmetries and correlations in baryons

Colour, the Pauli principle and magnetic moments

Colour, the Pauli principle and magnetic moments

The potential and the force

The potential and the force

Quarkonium decay amplitudes

Quarkonium decay amplitudes

Primitive glueball decays

Primitive glueball decays

QQ and glueball decays in strong coupling QCD

QQ and glueball decays in strong coupling QCD

Glueball-qq mixing at O(V_1)

Glueball-qq mixing at O(V_1)

Production rates

Production rates

Production in psi --> gamma R

Production in psi --> gamma R

Lattice QCD and mixing

Lattice QCD and mixing

Mixing of scalar glueball and quarkonia

Mixing of scalar glueball and quarkonia

Three-state mixings

Three-state mixings

Glue, qq and mesons: a hierarchy

Glue, qq and mesons: a hierarchy

The hybrid candidates

The hybrid candidates

Radialogy

Radialogy

Electron scattering and nuclear structure

Electron scattering and nuclear structure

Electron scattering

Electron scattering

A source of virtual massive photons

A source of virtual massive photons

Nuclear many-body problem

Nuclear many-body problem

Charge distributions

Charge distributions

Mean field predictions

Mean field predictions

Experimental determination of charge densities

Experimental determination of charge densities

The 3s proton charge-distribution

The 3s proton charge-distribution

Single nucleon knock-out

Single nucleon knock-out

The shape of correlated wave functions

The shape of correlated wave functions

Nucleon-nucleon correlations

Nucleon-nucleon correlations

Meson exchange currents

Meson exchange currents

Deuteron electrodisintegration at threshold

Deuteron electrodisintegration at threshold

The three-nucleon systems

The three-nucleon systems

Trinucleon magnetic form factors

Trinucleon magnetic form factors

Trinucleon charge form factors

Trinucleon charge form factors

Form factors in isospin space

Form factors in isospin space

The nucleon spin structure

The nucleon spin structure

Bjorken and Ellis-Jaffe sum rules

Bjorken and Ellis-Jaffe sum rules

Theoretical interpretation

Theoretical interpretation

Polarized deep inelastic lepton scattering

Polarized deep inelastic lepton scattering

Electrons or muons?

Electrons or muons?

Outlook

Outlook

Future perspectives

Future perspectives

Semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering

Semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering

Hard exclusive reactions

Hard exclusive reactions

New facilities

New facilities

Compass

Compass

HERMES

HERMES

Mainz microtron MAMI

Mainz microtron MAMI

ELSA

ELSA

Jefferson Lab

Jefferson Lab

Future projects

Future projects

Polarized proton beams in HERA

Polarized proton beams in HERA

ELFE@DESY

ELFE@DESY

The electron nucleus collider project at GSI

The electron nucleus collider project at GSI

Conclusions

Conclusions

Algebraic methods in nuclear physics: The interacting boson and boson-fermion models

Algebraic methods in nuclear physics: The interacting boson and boson-fermion models

Introduction

Introduction

The interacting boson model (lecture 1)

The interacting boson model (lecture 1)

The Lie algebra U(6)

The Lie algebra U(6)

The Hamiltonian operator

The Hamiltonian operator

Dynamic symmetries

Dynamic symmetries

Numerical studies

Numerical studies

Geometry

Geometry

Summary

Summary

The interacting boson model-2 (lecture 2)

The interacting boson model-2 (lecture 2)

The Lie algebra U_(pi)(6) + U_(nu)(6)

The Lie algebra U_(pi)(6) + U_(nu)(6)

Dynamic symmetries

Dynamic symmetries

Numerical studies

Numerical studies

Difference between IBM-2 and IBM-1

Difference between IBM-2 and IBM-1

Geometry

Geometry

Summary

Summary

The interacting boson-fermion model (lecture 3)

The interacting boson-fermion model (lecture 3)

Bose-Fermi algebras

Bose-Fermi algebras

Bose-Fermi and supersymmetries

Bose-Fermi and supersymmetries

Numerical studies

Numerical studies

Summary

Summary

Algebraic model of hadrons (lecture 4)

Algebraic model of hadrons (lecture 4)

Introduction

Introduction

Mesons

Mesons

Baryons

Baryons

Summary

Summary

Gaussian time-dependent variational principle for phi^4 field theory and for bosons contact interaction in one dimension

Gaussian time-dependent variational principle for phi^4 field theory and for bosons contact interaction in one dimension

General formalism

General formalism

The phi^4 field theory and the time-independent Gaussian variational approximation

The phi^4 field theory and the time-independent Gaussian variational approximation

Equation of motion in the small oscillation regime

Equation of motion in the small oscillation regime

Linear approximation

Linear approximation

Two-meson wave function

Two-meson wave function

Solution for the small-oscillation equation

Solution for the small-oscillation equation

The delta G wave function and the T-matrix

The delta G wave function and the T-matrix

Running coupling constant (s more than 0)

Running coupling constant (s more than 0)

Bound state and stability (s less than 0)

Bound state and stability (s less than 0)

Massless theory and instability

Massless theory and instability

Gaussian time-dependent variational principle for bosons contact interaction in one dimension

Gaussian time-dependent variational principle for bosons contact interaction in one dimension

Contact interaction in the one-dimensional uniform case

Contact interaction in the one-dimensional uniform case

Gaussian approximation

Gaussian approximation

The exact solution

The exact solution

Numerical results and conclusions

Numerical results and conclusions

Appendix A

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix B

A statistical approach to the theory of the mean field

A statistical approach to the theory of the mean field

Introduction

Introduction

Formalism

Formalism

Averaging upon the energy

Averaging upon the energy

Corrections to the energy of the mean field

Corrections to the energy of the mean field

Explicit expressions for the projection operator and the HF theory

Explicit expressions for the projection operator and the HF theory

Occupancy of the mean-field ground state

Occupancy of the mean-field ground state

A simple model for nuclear matter

A simple model for nuclear matter

Closing comments

Closing comments

Appendix A - The bare interaction and the HF theory

Appendix A - The bare interaction and the HF theory

Appendix B - Vacuum --> 2p-2h matrix element

Appendix B - Vacuum --> 2p-2h matrix element

Understanding hadron structure using lattice QCD

Understanding hadron structure using lattice QCD

Introduction and motivation

Introduction and motivation

Path integrals

Path integrals

Feynman path integral

Feynman path integral

Scalar field theory

Scalar field theory

Coherent states

Coherent states

Gaussian integrals

Gaussian integrals

Lattice QCD for gluons

Lattice QCD for gluons

U(1) gauge theory and the Wilson action

U(1) gauge theory and the Wilson action

SU(N) gauge theory

SU(N) gauge theory

Wilson loops and lines

Wilson loops and lines

Strong-coupling expansion

Strong-coupling expansion

Continuum limit and renormalization

Continuum limit and renormalization

Lattice QCD with quarks

Lattice QCD with quarks

Naive lattice fermions and doubling

Naive lattice fermions and doubling

Wilson fermions

Wilson fermions

Hopping parameter expansion

Hopping parameter expansion

Correlation functions

Correlation functions

The role of instantons in light hadrons

The role of instantons in light hadrons

Identifying instantons by cooling

Identifying instantons by cooling

Comparison of results with all gluons and with only instantons

Comparison of results with all gluons and with only instantons

Eigenmodes of the Dirac operator

Eigenmodes of the Dirac operator

Zero-mode expansion

Zero-mode expansion

Localization

Localization

Conclusion

Conclusion

Synthesis and properties of the heaviest nuclei

Synthesis and properties of the heaviest nuclei

Nuclear shells and stability of heavy nuclei

Nuclear shells and stability of heavy nuclei

Reactions of synthesis

Reactions of synthesis

Observations of enhanced stability near closed deformed shells

Observations of enhanced stability near closed deformed shells

Problems of synthesizing superheavy nuclei near closed spherical shells

Problems of synthesizing superheavy nuclei near closed spherical shells

The production of a 48Ca ion beam

The production of a 48Ca ion beam

Conclusion

Conclusion

Fermionic composites in Nuclear and Particle Physics

Fermionic composites in Nuclear and Particle Physics

Introduction

Introduction

Odd composites as integration variables

Odd composites as integration variables

Nonrelativistic QCD

Nonrelativistic QCD

Perturbation theory in terms of the nucleons

Perturbation theory in terms of the nucleons

The effective action for the pairing model

The effective action for the pairing model

A quadratic action for the pions

A quadratic action for the pions

Breaking of the chiral invariance

Breaking of the chiral invariance

The Omega expansion

The Omega expansion

Quarks of lower dimensions

Quarks of lower dimensions

Conclusion

Conclusion

Nuclear shapes and the EUROBALL facility

Nuclear shapes and the EUROBALL facility

Introduction

Introduction

Methods of the in-beam gamma-spectroscopy

Methods of the in-beam gamma-spectroscopy

Multi-detector arrays

Multi-detector arrays

Ge detector technology

Ge detector technology

Associated particle detectors

Associated particle detectors

Nuclear shapes at high spins

Nuclear shapes at high spins

Population and decay out of superdeformed bands

Population and decay out of superdeformed bands

Search for hyperdeformed states

Search for hyperdeformed states

The nuclear shape in hot nuclei

The nuclear shape in hot nuclei

The shape of warm nuclei

The shape of warm nuclei

Conclusions

Conclusions

One hundred years of the Italian Physical Society

One hundred years of the Italian Physical Society

Introduction

Introduction

The roots

The roots

Varenna and the "Enrico Fermi" International Summer School

Varenna and the "Enrico Fermi" International Summer School

Conclusion

Conclusion

Quark deconfinement and nuclear collisions

Quark deconfinement and nuclear collisions

The thermodynamics of quarks and gluons

The thermodynamics of quarks and gluons

Hard probes: colour deconfinement

Hard probes: colour deconfinement

Electromagnetic probes: chiral symmetry restoration

Electromagnetic probes: chiral symmetry restoration

Soft probes: equilibrium and expansion

Soft probes: equilibrium and expansion

Conclusions

Conclusions

The nuclear shell model, yesterday, today and tomorrow

The nuclear shell model, yesterday, today and tomorrow

Nuclear Astrophysics

Nuclear Astrophysics

Introduction

Introduction

Some fundamental notions in Nuclear Astrophysics

Some fundamental notions in Nuclear Astrophysics

The Hertzsprung-Russel diagram

The Hertzsprung-Russel diagram

The Gamow peak

The Gamow peak

Stages of stellar evolution

Stages of stellar evolution

Hydrogen burning

Hydrogen burning

Helium burning

Helium burning

Heavy-ion burning

Heavy-ion burning

Silicon burning

Silicon burning

Type-II supernovae

Type-II supernovae

Nucleosynthesis

Nucleosynthesis

"Violent" events in Nuclear Astrophysics

"Violent" events in Nuclear Astrophysics

Production of Radioactive Beams

Production of Radioactive Beams

Direct cross-section measurements using low-energy Radioactive Beams

Direct cross-section measurements using low-energy Radioactive Beams

Indirect cross-section measurements using high-energy Radioactive Beams

Indirect cross-section measurements using high-energy Radioactive Beams

Conclusions and perspectives

Conclusions and perspectives

Random matrix theories in quantum physics: Common concepts

Random matrix theories in quantum physics: Common concepts

Introduction

Introduction

Historical survey: the period between 1951 and 1983

Historical survey: the period between 1951 and 1983

RMT: the early period

RMT: the early period

From 1963 to 1982: consolidation and application

From 1963 to 1982: consolidation and application

Localization theory

Localization theory

The supersymmetry method

The supersymmetry method

RMT and classical chaos

RMT and classical chaos

A model for quark deconfinement

A model for quark deconfinement

Introduction

Introduction

Equation of state of quark matter

Equation of state of quark matter

Quark deconfinement

Quark deconfinement

Modelling nuclear-to-quark-matter transition

Modelling nuclear-to-quark-matter transition

Survey of previous models

Survey of previous models

Density-dependent quark-quark interaction

Density-dependent quark-quark interaction

Neutrinos: past, present, future

Neutrinos: past, present, future

Introduction

Introduction

The Pauli hypothesis

The Pauli hypothesis

Fermi theory of beta-decay

Fermi theory of beta-decay

Non-conservation of parity

Non-conservation of parity

Two-component neutrino

Two-component neutrino

V - A current x current theory

V - A current x current theory

nu_(mu) and nu_e are different particles

nu_(mu) and nu_e are different particles

Cabibbo and GIM currents

Cabibbo and GIM currents

The standard theory of electroweak interactions

The standard theory of electroweak interactions

Massive and mixed neutrinos

Massive and mixed neutrinos

Precise measurement of the high-energy part of beta-spectrum

Precise measurement of the high-energy part of beta-spectrum

Search for neutrinoless double-beta decay

Search for neutrinoless double-beta decay

Neutrino oscillations

Neutrino oscillations

Conclusion

Conclusion

Lambda-hypernuclei

Lambda-hypernuclei

Introduction

Introduction

Production of hypernuclei

Production of hypernuclei

Spectroscopy of hypernuclei

Spectroscopy of hypernuclei

Decay of hypernuclei

Decay of hypernuclei

A new experiment on Hypernuclear Physics: FINUDA

A new experiment on Hypernuclear Physics: FINUDA

Conclusions

Conclusions

Traces of intermediate dinuclear states through damped oscillations in the energy autocorrelation functions of the 58Ni + 46Ti and 58Ni + 62Ni elastic- and inelastic-scattering cross-sections

Traces of intermediate dinuclear states through damped oscillations in the energy autocorrelation functions of the 58Ni + 46Ti and 58Ni + 62Ni elastic- and inelastic-scattering cross-sections

Introduction

Introduction

Analysis of the energy autocorrelation functions of the measured cross-sections

Analysis of the energy autocorrelation functions of the measured cross-sections

58Ni + 46Ti elastic scattering

58Ni + 46Ti elastic scattering

58Ni + 62Ni elastic and inelastic scattering

58Ni + 62Ni elastic and inelastic scattering

Conclusions

Conclusions

Nuclear-structure studies using realistic effective interactions

Nuclear-structure studies using realistic effective interactions

Introduction

Introduction

Outline of calculations

Outline of calculations

Results

Results

Sn isotopes

Sn isotopes

N = 82 isotones

N = 82 isotones

132Sb

132Sb

Concluding remarks

Concluding remarks

Elenco dei partecipanti

Elenco dei partecipanti

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