Chapter
Band theory of momentum density
Band theory of momentum density
Momentum density in the KKR formalism
Momentum density in the KKR formalism
Examples of momentum density calculations
Examples of momentum density calculations
Electron-positron momentum density
Electron-positron momentum density
Fermiology of high-T_c superconductors: YBa2Cu3O7
Fermiology of high-T_c superconductors: YBa2Cu3O7
Momentum densities in disordered alloys
Momentum densities in disordered alloys
Modern band theory of disordered alloys: Some basic concepts
Modern band theory of disordered alloys: Some basic concepts
Electron momentum density in alloys
Electron momentum density in alloys
Electron-positron momentum density
Electron-positron momentum density
Illustrative examples: CuGe and CuPd solid solutions
Illustrative examples: CuGe and CuPd solid solutions
Positron studies of the electronic structure of solids
Positron studies of the electronic structure of solids
The basic measurement problem
The basic measurement problem
The photon pair momentum density
The photon pair momentum density
The electron momentum density
The electron momentum density
The positron wave function
The positron wave function
Generic design considerations
Generic design considerations
Data collection and processing
Data collection and processing
Preliminary processing, visualization and analysis
Preliminary processing, visualization and analysis
3D reconstruction (tomography)
3D reconstruction (tomography)
Contemporary problems and likely future developments
Contemporary problems and likely future developments
Positron annihilation in the superconducting state
Positron annihilation in the superconducting state
The local-density approximation (LDA) for normal electrons
The local-density approximation (LDA) for normal electrons
A semi-phenomenological LDA theory for superconductors
A semi-phenomenological LDA theory for superconductors
The LDA for the 2 gamma annihilation rate R_(2 gamma) (p) in the normal state
The LDA for the 2 gamma annihilation rate R_(2 gamma) (p) in the normal state
The LDA for the 2 gamma annihilation rate R_2 (p) in the superconducting state
The LDA for the 2 gamma annihilation rate R_2 (p) in the superconducting state
2D-ACAR studies and positron beam developments in Switzerland
2D-ACAR studies and positron beam developments in Switzerland
Principles of 2D-ACAR and experimental background
Principles of 2D-ACAR and experimental background
Analysis of 2D-ACAR and positron lifetime data
Analysis of 2D-ACAR and positron lifetime data
Window least-square method applied to statistical noise smoothing of 2D-ACAR data
Window least-square method applied to statistical noise smoothing of 2D-ACAR data
Analysis of positron lifetime spectra using quantified maximum entropy
Analysis of positron lifetime spectra using quantified maximum entropy
Linear approach to solve the inverse problem
Linear approach to solve the inverse problem
A generalized linear filter
A generalized linear filter
High-temperature superconductors
High-temperature superconductors
Crystal growth, structure, shape and orientation of YBa2Cu3O7-sigma samples
Crystal growth, structure, shape and orientation of YBa2Cu3O7-sigma samples
Calculation of band structure and positron states
Calculation of band structure and positron states
Analysis of 2D-ACAR distributions
Analysis of 2D-ACAR distributions
Arsenic vacancies in GaAs
Arsenic vacancies in GaAs
An intense micro-beam of monoenergetic positrons
An intense micro-beam of monoenergetic positrons
High-T-c superconductivity: applications of mu+SR and slow-mu+ beams
High-T-c superconductivity: applications of mu+SR and slow-mu+ beams
Brief review of slow-muon production
Brief review of slow-muon production
Experimental requirements
Experimental requirements
Applications of slow muons
Applications of slow muons
mu+SR and superconductivity
mu+SR and superconductivity
The nature of high-T_c superconductivity
The nature of high-T_c superconductivity
Utility of a slow-muon beam
Utility of a slow-muon beam
Positron and positronium emission spectroscopies
Positron and positronium emission spectroscopies
Spontaneous-emission rates
Spontaneous-emission rates
Positron emission spectroscopy
Positron emission spectroscopy
Positron emission mechanisms
Positron emission mechanisms
Positron tunneling and energy loss spectroscopy
Positron tunneling and energy loss spectroscopy
Intensity correlation microscopy
Intensity correlation microscopy
Positronium emission spectroscopy
Positronium emission spectroscopy
Thermal desorption of the surface positron state as positronium
Thermal desorption of the surface positron state as positronium
Positronium emission from positron states in the bulk solid
Positronium emission from positron states in the bulk solid
Positron-anniliilation-induced Auger electron spectroscopy
Positron-anniliilation-induced Auger electron spectroscopy
Secondary-electron background elimination
Secondary-electron background elimination
Measurement of the temperature dependence of PAES
Measurement of the temperature dependence of PAES
Studies of metal overlayers
Studies of metal overlayers
PAES studies of the positron surface state
PAES studies of the positron surface state
Background-free line shape measurements
Background-free line shape measurements
Polarized positron-annihilation-induced Auger electron spectroscopy
Polarized positron-annihilation-induced Auger electron spectroscopy
Effect of electron-positron correlations on the annihilation characteristics for positrons trapped at the surface of simple metals
Effect of electron-positron correlations on the annihilation characteristics for positrons trapped at the surface of simple metals
EMD, ACAR spectra and positron lifetime in solids
EMD, ACAR spectra and positron lifetime in solids
Electron wave functions in the host material
Electron wave functions in the host material
Positron distribution and electron-positron enhancement effects
Positron distribution and electron-positron enhancement effects
Various approaches to electron-positron enhancement effects
Various approaches to electron-positron enhancement effects
The ACAR spectra at the surface
The ACAR spectra at the surface
Electron and positron work functions
Electron and positron work functions
Electron-positron correlation effects and positron distribution at the surface
Electron-positron correlation effects and positron distribution at the surface
Annihilation characteristics at the surface
Annihilation characteristics at the surface
Low-energy positron and electron diffraction by solids: concepts, models, calculations and surface structure analyses
Low-energy positron and electron diffraction by solids: concepts, models, calculations and surface structure analyses
Measurements and conservation laws
Measurements and conservation laws
Positron and electron solid interactions
Positron and electron solid interactions
Overview: time and length scales
Overview: time and length scales
Electron (positron)-solid scattering: the model
Electron (positron)-solid scattering: the model
Selected ground-state properties: work functions and effective potentials
Selected ground-state properties: work functions and effective potentials
Excited states: diffraction of incident leptons
Excited states: diffraction of incident leptons
Ion core scattering factors
Ion core scattering factors
Multiple-scattering theory
Multiple-scattering theory
Tests of the model: examples
Tests of the model: examples
Surface structure analyses
Surface structure analyses
Moderator-target characterization
Moderator-target characterization
Positron annihilation microprobe and re-emission microscope
Positron annihilation microprobe and re-emission microscope
Positron re-emission microscope (PRM)
Positron re-emission microscope (PRM)
Positron annihilation microprobe (PAM)
Positron annihilation microprobe (PAM)
Intrinsic resolution limits on positron annihilation microprobes
Intrinsic resolution limits on positron annihilation microprobes
Optical-resolution limits on positron annihilation microprobe resolution
Optical-resolution limits on positron annihilation microprobe resolution
Experimental considerations for low-energy positron diffraction
Experimental considerations for low-energy positron diffraction
Beam requirements for LEPD
Beam requirements for LEPD
Combined LEED and LEPD measurements
Combined LEED and LEPD measurements
LEPD I-V profile calculation without the muffin-tin model
LEPD I-V profile calculation without the muffin-tin model
Positronium beams and surfaces
Positronium beams and surfaces
Fast-Ps production: methods and beam qualities
Fast-Ps production: methods and beam qualities
Positronium spectroscopies for the study of the surface of fme particles
Positronium spectroscopies for the study of the surface of fme particles
Two-gamma annihilations of Ps
Two-gamma annihilations of Ps
Self-annihilation of p-Ps
Self-annihilation of p-Ps
Magnetic-filed-induced 2 gamma annihilation
Magnetic-filed-induced 2 gamma annihilation
2 gamma annihilation from spin conversion
2 gamma annihilation from spin conversion
Time-selected momentum measurements
Time-selected momentum measurements
Ps spectroscopies ofthe surface of a-SiO2
Ps spectroscopies ofthe surface of a-SiO2
Ps energy loss by collisions with the grain surface
Ps energy loss by collisions with the grain surface
Pickoff spectroscopy of the surface electrons
Pickoff spectroscopy of the surface electrons
Paramagnetic defects produced on the surface
Paramagnetic defects produced on the surface
Electronic structure and positron spectroscopy of solids and surfaces
Electronic structure and positron spectroscopy of solids and surfaces
Total energies and ground-state properties
Total energies and ground-state properties
Density-functional theory
Density-functional theory
Beyond the local-density approximation
Beyond the local-density approximation
Moving ions: molecular dynamics
Moving ions: molecular dynamics
Molecular-dynamics simulation
Molecular-dynamics simulation
Molecular dynamics with quantum-mechanical forces
Molecular dynamics with quantum-mechanical forces
More approximate techniques
More approximate techniques
Computation of electron states for low-symmetry systems
Computation of electron states for low-symmetry systems
Defects and impurities in transition metals
Defects and impurities in transition metals
Defects in semiconductors
Defects in semiconductors
Molecular-dynamics simulation of liquids
Molecular-dynamics simulation of liquids
Positrons as probes of defects and surfaces
Positrons as probes of defects and surfaces
Epithermal positron motion
Epithermal positron motion
Positron mobility and diffusion
Positron mobility and diffusion
Surface trapping and quantum reflection
Surface trapping and quantum reflection
Diffusion-annihilation equations
Diffusion-annihilation equations
Two-component density-functional theory
Two-component density-functional theory
Positron affinities in solids
Positron affinities in solids
Applications to defects in metals and semiconductors
Applications to defects in metals and semiconductors
Applications to positron surface states
Applications to positron surface states
Applications to exotic materials
Applications to exotic materials
Positron spectroscopy of defects in metals and semiconductors
Positron spectroscopy of defects in metals and semiconductors
On the role of atomic defects in solids
On the role of atomic defects in solids
The role of positron annihilation in defect spectroscopy
The role of positron annihilation in defect spectroscopy
Organization of the lecture
Organization of the lecture
Stopping and thermalization
Stopping and thermalization
Slowing down and thermalization time
Slowing down and thermalization time
Positron diffusion and mobility
Positron diffusion and mobility
Annihilation characteristics
Annihilation characteristics
Positron lifetime spectroscopy
Positron lifetime spectroscopy
Doppler-broadening spectroscopy
Doppler-broadening spectroscopy
Trapping model and kinetic equations
Trapping model and kinetic equations
Annihilation fractions, momentum parameters and average lifetime
Annihilation fractions, momentum parameters and average lifetime
Trapping rate into vacancies and vacancy clusters
Trapping rate into vacancies and vacancy clusters
Positron lifetime in vacancies and vacancy clusters
Positron lifetime in vacancies and vacancy clusters
Vacancies at thermal equilibrium
Vacancies at thermal equilibrium
Vacancies after irradiations
Vacancies after irradiations
Positrons and defects in semiconductors
Positrons and defects in semiconductors
Free and trapped positrons
Free and trapped positrons
Charge state and positron lifetime in vacancies
Charge state and positron lifetime in vacancies
Trapping in semiconductors: vacancies in various charge states
Trapping in semiconductors: vacancies in various charge states
Trapping into Rydberg states
Trapping into Rydberg states
Appendix. - Positron lifetime spectroscopy and trapping model in practice
Appendix. - Positron lifetime spectroscopy and trapping model in practice
Decomposition and the average lifetime
Decomposition and the average lifetime
One type of defects, no detrapping
One type of defects, no detrapping
One type of defects with detrapping
One type of defects with detrapping
Two types of defects, no detrapping
Two types of defects, no detrapping
Positron annihilation spectroscopy of vacancies and acceptors in semiconductors
Positron annihilation spectroscopy of vacancies and acceptors in semiconductors
Defects in semiconductors
Defects in semiconductors
Occupancy of a charge state
Occupancy of a charge state
Free carriers and Fermi level
Free carriers and Fermi level
Charge states of vacancies: thermal transition
Charge states of vacancies: thermal transition
As-grown n-type GaAs: the As vacancy
As-grown n-type GaAs: the As vacancy
As-grown n-type Al_x Ga_(1-x)AS layers: the DX deep donor level
As-grown n-type Al_x Ga_(1-x)AS layers: the DX deep donor level
Electron-irradiated Si:P: the vacancy-phosphorus pair
Electron-irradiated Si:P: the vacancy-phosphorus pair
Charge states of vacancies: optical transition
Charge states of vacancies: optical transition
As-grown SI-GaAs: the As vacancy
As-grown SI-GaAs: the As vacancy
As-grown n-type Al_x Ga_(1-x)As(Si) layers: the DX deep donor level
As-grown n-type Al_x Ga_(1-x)As(Si) layers: the DX deep donor level
Metastable effects after illumination
Metastable effects after illumination
As-grown SI-GaAs: the EL2 mid-gap donor
As-grown SI-GaAs: the EL2 mid-gap donor
As-grown n-type Al_x Ga_(1-x)As layers: the DX deep donor level
As-grown n-type Al_x Ga_(1-x)As layers: the DX deep donor level
The atomic structure of EL2 and DX
The atomic structure of EL2 and DX
Acceptor spectroscopy: vacancies or ions
Acceptor spectroscopy: vacancies or ions
Electron-irradiated GaAs: the Ga vacancy and antisite
Electron-irradiated GaAs: the Ga vacancy and antisite
Characterizing free volumes and holes in polymers by positron annihilation spectroscopy
Characterizing free volumes and holes in polymers by positron annihilation spectroscopy
The free-volume and hole theory in molecular substrates
The free-volume and hole theory in molecular substrates
PAS as a unique probe for free-volume characterization
PAS as a unique probe for free-volume characterization
Theoretical aspects of positron annihilation in condensed matter
Theoretical aspects of positron annihilation in condensed matter
Data analysis of PAL spectra
Data analysis of PAL spectra
Methods of determining free-volume distributions
Methods of determining free-volume distributions
Examples of experimental free-volume results by PAL
Examples of experimental free-volume results by PAL
Mean hole size: temperature and pressure dependence
Mean hole size: temperature and pressure dependence
Free-volume hole distributions
Free-volume hole distributions
Comparison with free-volume theories
Comparison with free-volume theories
Defect profiling by positron beams and other techniques
Defect profiling by positron beams and other techniques
PART I. - An overview on subsurface defects: production and detection
PART I. - An overview on subsurface defects: production and detection
Origin and type of subsurface defects
Origin and type of subsurface defects
Polishing and thinning a crystal
Polishing and thinning a crystal
Simulations of ion-matter interactions
Simulations of ion-matter interactions
Experimental techniques for defect profiling
Experimental techniques for defect profiling
Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy
Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy
Channelling effects on Rutherford backscattering
Channelling effects on Rutherford backscattering
Elastic-recoil detection analysis
Elastic-recoil detection analysis
Secondary-ion mass spectrometry
Secondary-ion mass spectrometry
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy
Double-crystal X-ray diffraction
Double-crystal X-ray diffraction
Deep-level transient spectroscopy
Deep-level transient spectroscopy
Spreading-resistance measurements
Spreading-resistance measurements
PART II. - Defect profIling with variable-energy positron beams
PART II. - Defect profIling with variable-energy positron beams
Basic notions on positron annihilation spectroscopy for defect studies
Basic notions on positron annihilation spectroscopy for defect studies
Defect profiling by the Doppler-broadening method
Defect profiling by the Doppler-broadening method
PAS-DB measurements with controlled-energy beams: experimental apparatuses
PAS-DB measurements with controlled-energy beams: experimental apparatuses
The back-diffusion method
The back-diffusion method
Thermal-diffusion approximation and analysis procedures
Thermal-diffusion approximation and analysis procedures
Factors influencing the accuracy of the analysis
Factors influencing the accuracy of the analysis
Diffusion constant D_+ and mobility mu_+
Diffusion constant D_+ and mobility mu_+
Positron implantation profile
Positron implantation profile
Specific trapping rate nu
Specific trapping rate nu
Characteristic lineshape parameters
Characteristic lineshape parameters
Two-group diffusion model
Two-group diffusion model
Current research in the field of defect profiling by positron annihilation
Current research in the field of defect profiling by positron annihilation
Characterization of defects in Si and SiO2-Si using positrons
Characterization of defects in Si and SiO2-Si using positrons
Si grown on Si by low-temperature MBE
Si grown on Si by low-temperature MBE
Radiation damage in the SiO2-Si system
Radiation damage in the SiO2-Si system
Interface trap behavior under annealing and hydrogenation
Interface trap behavior under annealing and hydrogenation
Positron studies of metal-oxide-semiconductor structures
Positron studies of metal-oxide-semiconductor structures
Model for interface positron trap sites
Model for interface positron trap sites
Positron implantation in solids
Positron implantation in solids
The Monte Carlo procedure
The Monte Carlo procedure
Low-energy contributions to positron implantation
Low-energy contributions to positron implantation
Comparison of Monte Carlo results with experimental data
Comparison of Monte Carlo results with experimental data
A simple diffusion model for positron implantation
A simple diffusion model for positron implantation
Defects in semiconductors observed by 2D-ACAR and by a slow-positron beam
Defects in semiconductors observed by 2D-ACAR and by a slow-positron beam
The origin of the effect of point defects on the angular correlation of annihilation radiation (ACAR) in semiconductors
The origin of the effect of point defects on the angular correlation of annihilation radiation (ACAR) in semiconductors
Near-surface defects observed by a slow-positron beam
Near-surface defects observed by a slow-positron beam
Perspective for the use of new positron techniques
Perspective for the use of new positron techniques
Oxygen Diffusion in YBaCuO by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy
Oxygen Diffusion in YBaCuO by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy
Neutral State of Mercury Vacancies and Compensation in HgCdTe Crystals: Evidence from Positron and Hall Combined Experiments
Neutral State of Mercury Vacancies and Compensation in HgCdTe Crystals: Evidence from Positron and Hall Combined Experiments
Hyperfine Structure of Positronium Energy Levels in a Crystal
Hyperfine Structure of Positronium Energy Levels in a Crystal
Positron Studies on Reverse Micellar Systems
Positron Studies on Reverse Micellar Systems
Positron Distributions and Lifetimes in Novel Superconductors
Positron Distributions and Lifetimes in Novel Superconductors
Age-Momentum Correlation (AMOC) Measurements by Means of a Relativistic Positron Beam and the Positron Clock Principle
Age-Momentum Correlation (AMOC) Measurements by Means of a Relativistic Positron Beam and the Positron Clock Principle
Positron and Mossbauer Studies of Fe_80 B_20 Metallic Glass Defects
Positron and Mossbauer Studies of Fe_80 B_20 Metallic Glass Defects
Positron Annihilation at Ionized Acceptors and Vacancies in Indium Phosphide after Electron Irradiation
Positron Annihilation at Ionized Acceptors and Vacancies in Indium Phosphide after Electron Irradiation
Distinguishing between Vacancies and Dislocations by the Positron Annihilation Method
Distinguishing between Vacancies and Dislocations by the Positron Annihilation Method
Positron Trapping in Potential-Energy Wells
Positron Trapping in Potential-Energy Wells
Ortho-Positronium Annihilation Characteristics as Functions of Crystallinity and Composition in Miscible Polycarbonate / ThermX Polymer Blends
Ortho-Positronium Annihilation Characteristics as Functions of Crystallinity and Composition in Miscible Polycarbonate / ThermX Polymer Blends
Positron Spectroscopy of Solids
( International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi” )
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