Beginning Swift™ Programming

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

ABOUT THE TECHNICAL EDITOR

CREDITS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO SWIFT

What Is Swift?

Why Swift Is Important

Setting Up the Environment

Creating a Playground Project

Creating an iOS Project

Swift Syntax

Constants

Variables

String Interpolation: Including Values in Strings

Statements

Printing

Comments

Summary

CHAPTER 2: DATA TYPES

Basic Data Types

Integers

Types of Integers

Integer Operations

Integer Literals

Floating-Point Numbers

Floating-Point Operations

Floating-Point Literals

Type Alias

Boolean

Tuples

Optional Types

Implicitly Unwrapped Optionals

Optional Binding

Unwrapping Optionals Using “?”

Enumerations

Using Enumeration in Switch Statements

Enumeration Raw Values

Auto-Increment for Raw Values

Associated Values

Enumeration Functions

Summary

CHAPTER 3: STRINGS AND CHARACTERS

Strings

Mutability of Strings

Strings as Value Types

Characters

Concatenating Strings

Special Characters

Unicode

Common String Functions

Equality

Prefix and Suffix

Length

Substrings

Converting Strings to Arrays

Type Conversion

Interoperability with NSString

Casting String to NSString

Using NSString Directly

String or NSString?

Summary

CHAPTER 4: BASIC OPERATORS

Assignment Operator

Arithmetic Operators

Addition Operator

Subtraction Operator

Multiplication Operator

Division Operator

Modulus Operator

Increment and Decrement Operator

Compound Assignment Operators

Nil Coalescing Operator

Comparison Operators

Equal To and Not Equal To

Greater Than or Equal To

Less Than or Equal To

Range Operators

Logical Operators

NOT

AND

OR

Combining Logical Operators

Ternary Conditional Operator

Summary

CHAPTER 5: FUNCTIONS

Defi ning and Calling a Function

Input Parameters

Returning a Value

Returning Multiple Values

Function Parameter Names

External Parameter Names Shorthand

Default Parameter Values

Variadic (Variable) Parameters

Constant and Variable Parameters

In-Out Parameters

Function Types

Defining a Function Type Variable

Calling a Function Type Variable

Returning Function Type in a Function

Nested Functions

Summary

CHAPTER 6: COLLECTIONS

Arrays

Mutability of Arrays

Array Data Types

Retrieving Elements from an Array

Inserting Elements into an Array

Modifying Elements in an Array

Appending Elements to an Array

Checking the Size of an Array

Removing Elements from an Array

Iterating over an Array

Creating an Empty Array

Testing Arrays for Equality

Dictionaries

Mutability of Dictionaries

Retrieving Elements from a Dictionary

Checking the Size of a Dictionary

Modifying an Item in the Dictionary

Removing an Item from the Dictionary

Iterating over a Dictionary

Creating an Empty Dictionary

Testing Dictionaries for Equality

Copying the Behavior of Arrays and Dictionaries

Summary

CHAPTER 7: CONTROL FLOW AND LOOPING

Flow Control

If Statement

If-Else Statement

Switch Statement

Matching Numbers

Matching Characters

Fallthrough

Matching a Range of Numbers

Matching Tuples

Value Bindings

Where Clause

Looping

For-In Loop

Traditional For Loop

While Loop

Do-While Loop

Control Transfer Statements

Break Statement

Continue Statement

Labeled Statement

Summary

CHAPTER 8: STRUCTURES AND CLASSES

Structures

Memberwise Initializers

Structures as Value Types

Comparing Structures

Classes

Defining a Class

Properties

Stored Properties

Lazy Stored Properties

Computed Properties

Motivation Behind Computed Properties

The newValue keyword

Read-Only Computed Properties

Property Observers

Typed Properties

Initializers

Initializers and External Parameter Names

Initializing Variables and Constants During Initialization

Classes as Reference Types

Comparing Instances—Identity Operators

Comparing Instances—Equivalence Operators

Methods in Classes

Instance Methods

Local and External Parameter Names for Methods

The self Property

Type Methods

Methods in Structures

Summary

CHAPTER 9: INHERITANCE

Understanding Inheritance

Defining a Base Class

Instantiating a Base Class

Creating an Abstract Class

Inheriting from a Base Class

Overriding Initializers

Overloading Initializers

Creating Abstract Methods

Overloading Methods

Preventing Subclassing

Types of Initializers

Default Initializer

Designated Initializers

Convenience Initializers and Initializer Chaining

Calling Initializers in Subclasses

Extensions

Extending Methods

Extending Properties

Access Controls

Internal

Private

Public

Summary

CHAPTER 10: CLOSURES

Understanding Closures

Functions as Closures

Assigning Closures to Variables

Writing Closures Inline

Type Inference

Shorthand Argument Names

Operator Function

Trailing Closures

Using the Array’s Three Closure Functions

The map Function

Example 1

Example 2

The filter Function

Example 1

Example 2

The reduce Function

Example 1

Example 2

Using Closures in Your Functions

Summary

CHAPTER 11: PROTOCOLS AND DELEGATES

Understanding Protocols

Defining and Using a Protocol

Conforming to a Protocol

Optional Methods

Conforming to Multiple Protocols

Property Requirements

Initializer Requirements

Understanding Delegates

Delegates as Event Handlers

A Practical Example of Protocols and Delegates

Summary

CHAPTER 12: GENERICS

Understanding Generics

Using Generic Functions

Multiple Type Parameters

Specifying Type Constraint

Generic Types

Generic Classes

Generic Structures

Generic Type Extension

Using Generics in Protocols

Specifying Requirements for Associated Types

Summary

APPENDIX: EXERCISE ANSWERS

INDEX

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