Chapter
2 Risks and Complications
3 Preparation for Cardiac Catheterization
Examinations Prior to Catheterization
Specific Patient Preparation
Immediate Preparation for Examination
Special Features of Cardiac Catheterization in Awake Patients
Radiation Technology and Radiation Safety
5 Interpretation of Findings
Adverse Reactions to Contrast Media
7 Arterial and Venous Access
Techniques and General Approach
Puncture of the Femoral Artery
Puncture of the Radial Artery
Puncture of the Brachial Artery
Puncture of the Femoral Vein
Other Vascular Access Sites
Vascular Complications after Cardiac Catheterization
Vascular Closure Devices for Immediate Hemostasis after Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Intervention
Collagen-based Vascular Closure Devices
Percutaneous Suture-mediated Vascular Closure Devices
Clip-based Vascular Closure Devices
Catheterization Technique
The Normal Coronary Angiogram
Problems and Potential Mistakes
Complications of Coronary Angiography
Noninvasive Coronary Angiography (Cardiac MRI and Cardiac CT)
9 Catheterization of the Cardiac Chambers
Left Heart Catheterization
Retrograde Left Heart Catheterization
The Left Ventricular Angiogram
Transseptal Left Heart Catheterization
Right Heart Catheterization
The Right Atrial Angiogram
11 Angiography of the Pulmonary Artery
Noninvasive Pulmonary Angiography
Basic Physics of Pressure Measurement
Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure
Arterial and Pulmonary Arterial Pressure
Cardiac Output, Cardiac Index
Fick Method (Oxygen Consumption)
Measurement of Valvular Regurgitation
Shunt Detection and Measurement
Shunt Quantification Using Fick’s Principle with Diagnostic Saturation Run
Angiographic Shunt Diagnosis
Noninvasive Shunt Diagnosis
II Cardiac Catheterization in the Diagnostic of Specific Diseases
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (“Apical Ballooning Syndrome”)
16 Coronary Artery Disease
Special Characteristics of Coronary Angiography and Cardiac Catheterization in Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary Angiography in Left Main Stem Stenosis
Coronary Angiography in Acute Coronary Syndrome
Coronary Angiography in Unstable Angina Pectorisand NSTEMI
Coronary Angiography in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Acute Mitral Regurgitation
Ventricular Septal Rupture
Special Characteristics of Coronary Angiography after Heart Transplantation
Constrictive Pericarditis
Pericardial Effusion and Pericardial Tamponade
Cardiac Catheterization with Pericardial Tamponade
Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm
19 Congenital Heart Disease
Ventricular Septal Defect
20 Acute Pulmonary Embolism
III Interventional Cardiac Catheterization
22 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Coronary Stent Implantation
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
Coronary Stent Implantation
Characteristics of Different Stents
Balloon-expandable Bare-metal Stents
Self-expanding Metal Stent without/with Drugs
Absorbable Vascular Scaffolds
23 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndrome
Acute Coronary Syndrome without ST-segment Elevation
Acute Coronary Syndrome with ST-segment Elevation
24 Cutting Balloon Angioplasty
25 Rotational Atherectomy
Recanalization of Chronic Occlusions with the “Laser Wire”
27 Thrombectomy and Protection Systems
Coronary Protection Systems
Characteristics of a Variety of Protection Systems
28 Peri-and Postinterventional Antithrombotic Therapy for Coronary Interventions
Low-molecular-weight Heparins
Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitor
Specific clinical situations
Diagnostic Coronary Angiography
PCI in Acute Coronary Syndrome
Therapy after Stent Implantation
Patients in Cardiogenic Shock
Patients with an Indication for Oral Anticoagulation
Non-cardiac Surgeries after Stent Implantation
29 Special Examination Techniques
Intracoronary Pressure and Doppler Measurements
Intracoronary Pressure Measurement
Intracardiac Echocardiography
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
30 Percutaneous Cardiac Support Systems
Intra-aortic Balloon Pump
31 Heart Valve Interventions
Percutaneous Mitral Commissurotomy
Mitral Valve Interventions for Mitral Regurgitation
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI)
32 Occlusion of Septal Defects
33 Other Interventional Techniques
Occlusion of the Left Atrial Appendage (LAA Occlusion)
Renal Nerve Ablation for Resistant Arterial Hypertension
34 Percutaneous Retrieval of Foreign Bodies in the Cardiovascular System