Description
Developing the Global Bioeconomy: Technical, Market, and Environmental Lessons from Bioenergy brings together expertise from three IEA-Bioenergy subtasks on pyrolysis, international trade, and biorefineries to review the bioenergy sector and draw useful lessons for the full deployment of the bioeconomy.
Despite the vast amount of politically driven strategies, there is little understanding on how current markets will transition towards a global bioeconomy. The question is not only how the bioeconomy can be developed, but also how it can be developed sustainably in terms of economic and environmental concerns. To answer this question, this book’s expert chapter authors seek to identify the types of biorefineries that are expected to be implemented and the types of feedstock that may be used.
They also provide historical analysis of the developments of biopower and biofuel markets, integration opportunities into existing supply chains, and the conditions that would need to be created and enhanced to achieve a global biomass trade system that could support a global bioeconomy. As expectations that a future bioeconomy will rely on a series of tradable commodities, this book provides a central accounting of the state of the discussion in a multidisciplinary approach that is ideal for research and academic experts, and analysts in all areas of the bioenergy, biofuels, and bioeconomy sectors, as well as those interested in energy policy and economics.
Chapter
1.2 Status of Bioeconomy Strategies in IEA Bioenergy Member Countries
1.3 Scope, Objective, and Outline
2 Development of Second-Generation Biorefineries
2.2 Technology and Feedstock Matrix
2.2.1 Composting and Anaerobic Digestion
2.2.2 Preprocessing Technologies
2.2.2.1 Basic Biomass Preprocessing Methods
2.2.2.2 Densification and Thermal Pretreatment
2.2.3 Pretreatment: Physical, Chemical, and Biochemical
2.2.4 Saccharification of Cellulose and Hemicellulose
2.2.5 (Bio)-Catalytic Production of Bioethanol and Various Chemicals
2.2.5.1 Chemicals From Glycerol
2.2.6 Thermochemical Conversion: Fast Pyrolysis
2.2.6.1 Fast Pyrolysis Reactors
2.2.6.2 Pyrolysis Liquid: Bio-Oil
2.2.6.3 Bio-Oil Characteristics
2.2.6.4 Applications of Bio-Oil
3 Biorefineries: Industry Status and Economics
3.2.1 Economic Considerations
3.2.1.2 Step Accounting Method
3.2.1.3 Exponential Method
3.2.2 Economic Lessons Learned From Bioethanol and Bio-Oil Derived From Lignocellulosic Biomass
3.3 Demonstration and Full-Scale Plants
3.3.1 Fast Pyrolysis: Current Status
3.3.1.1 Ensyn Corp (ENSYN, 2014)
3.3.1.4 BTG BioLiquids BV
3.3.2 Biochemical Conversion
3.3.2.1 Bioethanol Production
3.3.3 Biorefineries: Starch/Sugar-Based
4 Sustainability Considerations for the Future Bioeconomy
4.2 Overview of Methodologies and Sustainability Assessment Frameworks
4.3 Lessons Learned From First-Generation Biofuels and Bioenergy Crops
4.4 Sustainability Assessment Challenges
4.5 Considerations for Future Assessments in the Bioeconomy Sector
4.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
5 Biomass Supply and Trade Opportunities of Preprocessed Biomass for Power Generation
5.1.1 Biomass Supply and Demand Centers
5.2 International Trade and Supply Opportunities of Processed Stable Biomass Intermediates for Biopower Market
5.2.1 Development of Biopower Markets
5.2.2 The Importance of Preprocessing
5.2.2.1 Pelleting and Torrefaction
5.2.2.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization
5.2.3 Location of Final Conversion Facility
5.2.4 Energy Crop-Based Supply Chains: Mozambique Case Study
5.3 Local/Regional Trade and Supply Opportunities of Raw Biomass for Bioenergy Market
5.3.1 Agricultural Residues-Based Supply Chains: South Africa Case Study
5.3.1.1 Corn and Wheat Residue Costs at the Farm Gate
5.3.1.2 Crop Residue Costs Delivered at the Conversion Plant
6 Commodity-Scale Biomass Trade and Integration with Other Supply Chains
6.2 Evolution of Commoditized Biomass
6.3 Current Commodity-Scale Biomass Trade
6.4 The Integration of Commoditized Biomass With Other Commodity Supply Chains
6.4.1 Leveraging Solids Handling Infrastructure
6.4.1.1 Case Study 1: Conventional and Torrefied Wood Pellets
6.4.1.2 Case Study 2: Residue Bundling System Integration With Forest Industry in Finland
6.4.1.3 Case Study 3: Shipping of Forest Biomass Over the Baltic Sea
6.4.2 Leveraging Liquids Handling Infrastructure
6.4.3 Leveraging Gas Handling Infrastructure
6.5 Future Trends, Recommendation, and Conclusion
7 Commoditization of Biomass Markets
7.1.1 From Bioenergy to Bioeconomy
7.1.2 Commoditization of Biomass Markets
7.2 Defining “Commodities”
7.2.1 Properties of the Good Itself
7.2.2 Market-Related Properties
7.2.3 Futures Contracts: A Sign of Advanced Commoditization
7.3 Commoditization Example: The Case of the Crude Oil Market
7.3.1 The Commoditization of the Crude Oil Market From 1973 to 1987
7.4 Commoditization of Biomass Markets
7.4.1 “Intermediate Goods”: What Is the Commodity Used For?
7.4.2 Fungibility, Homogeneity, and Standardization
7.4.2.2 Commoditization, Sustainability, and Traceability
7.4.5 International Market Integration
7.5 Biomass Commoditization: The Way Forward
7.5.1 Futures Contract Failure: A Sign of Market Immaturity
7.5.2 The Road to Commoditization
7.5.2.1 Commoditization: Good for the Market but Not for All Market Actors?
7.5.2.2 Policy-Related Obstacles to Biomass Commoditization
7.5.2.3 Market-Related Obstacles to Biomass Commoditization
8 Transition Strategies: Resource Mobilization Through Merchandisable Feedstock Intermediates
8.1 Objective and Link to Previous Chapters
8.2 Challenges Within Large-Scale Biorefinery Feedstock Supply Chains
8.3 Feedstock Supply System Types: Conventional and Advanced
8.4 Depot Configurations and Evolvement
8.5.1 Overcoming the Mobilization Gridlock via Merchandisable Intermediates for Multiple Markets
8.5.2 Separating the Vertical Supply Chain
8.6.2 Supply Chain Opportunities
Developing the Global Bioeconomy
：Technical, Market, and Environmental Lessons from Bioenergy
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