Cover

Preface

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

Abbreviation List

Chapter One: Origins of Evil in Jewish Apocalyptic Tradition: The Interpretation of Genesis 6:1–4 in the Second and Third Centuries B. C. E

Introduction

A. Interpretive Possibilities in the Biblical Tradition

B. The Euhemeristic Citations Preserved through Alexander Polyhistor

C. The Early Enoch Tradition

C.1. Book of Watchers (1 Enoch 1–36)

C.2. Book of Giants

C.3. Animal Apocalypse (1 Enoch 85–90)

C.4. Apocalypse of Weeks (1 Enoch 93:1–10 + 91:11–17)

D. The Book of Jubilees

D.1. The Location of the Angels’ Transgression

D.2. The Purpose of the Flood

D.3. The Residual Effect of Past Punishment of Evil

D.4. The Disobedient Angels’ Teachings

Conclusion

Chapter Two: Giant Mythology and Demonology: From the Ancient Near East to the Dead Sea Scrolls

A. Introduction

B. Profiles of Individual Giants

B.1. An Uncertain Name

B.2. Aḥiram

B.3. Mahaway

B.4. ʾOhyah and Hahyah

B.5. Ḥobabis/š

B.6. Gilgames/š

C. General Profile of the Giants from the Early Enochic Traditions

D. Conclusion

Chapter Three: The Lamech Narrative in the Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen) and 1 Enoch 106–107: A Tradition-Historical Study of Two Ancient Accounts about Noah’s Birth

A. Introduction

B. 1Q19 and 1Q19bis, 4Q534–536, and Genesis Apocryphon vi 1–5

B.1. 1Q19 and 1Q19bis

B.2. 4Q534–536

B.3. Genesis Apocryphon vi 1–5

C. Genesis Apocryphon (1Q20 ii – v 26) and Birth of Noah: An Overview and Comparison

C.1. Lamech’s Initial Reaction to His Child

C.2. Marital Altercation

C.3. Lamech’s Wife’s Name

C.4. The Description of Lamech’s Child

C.5. Designations for the Suspected Progenitor of Noah

C.6. Lamech’s Consultation with Methuselah

C.7. Methuselah’s Journey and Report to Enoch

C.8. Enoch’s Explanation to Methuselah

C.9. The Conclusion: Methuselah Brings Enoch’s Message back to Lamech

D. Conclusion

Chapter Four: Demonic Beings and the Dead Sea Scrolls

A. Introduction

B. Demonic Origins in the Enochic Tradition and Its Early Influence

C. “Demons”, “Spirits” and “Angels” in the Dead Sea Scrolls

C.1. “Demon” (šed)

C.2. “Spirit” (ruaḥ)

C.3 “Angel” (malʾak)

D. Chief Demonic Beings

D.1. Melki-rešaʿ

D.2. “The Angel of Darkness” (החשך מלאך)

D.3. “Satan” (סטן)

D.4 and D.5 “Mastema” and “Belial”

D.4. Mast.ema

D.5. Belial

E. Conclusion

Chapter Five: Early Enochic and Daniel Traditions in the Dead Sea Scrolls

A. Introduction

B. The Pseudo-Danielic Fragments (4Q243–245)

B.1. 4QPseudo-Danielᵃ⁻ᵇ (4Q243–244)

B.2. 4QPseudo-Danielᵇ (4Q245)

C. The Book of Giants

C.1. 4QBook of Giantsᵇ (4Q530 2 ii + 6–12(?) lines 15b–20)³²

D. Conclusion

Chapter Six: The Book of Tobit and the Problem of “Magic”

1. Early Jewish Traditions Opposed to the Use of Medicines

2. The Legitimation of Medicine in Second Temple Judaism

3. The Medico-Magical Cures in the Book of Tobit

Conclusions

Chapter Seven: To What Extent Did Philo’s Treatment of Enoch and the Giants Presuppose Knowledge of Enochic and Other Sources Preserved in the Dead Sea Scrolls?

Chapter Eight: Conflicting Stories: The Spirit Origin of Jesus’ Birth

Introduction: Posing the Question

Jesus’ Conception: pre-Gospel Tradition

The Holy Spirit and Jesus’ Birth

Conclusion

Chapter Nine: The Human Being and Demonic Invasion: Therapeutic Models in Ancient Jewish and Christian Texts

Introduction

Coming to Terms with Jesus’ Exorcisms: Contemporary Interpretation

Jesus’ Ministry against the Demonic: An Overview

God, Demons and Humans in the Jesus Tradition

The Demonic in Apocalyptic Perspective

Jewish Apocalyptic Perspective and the Gospel Traditions: What this Means for Understanding Mental Illness

Conclusion

Chapter Ten: The Need for Protection from the Evil One and John’s Gospel

A. Introduction: Language for “Evil” in the Fourth Gospel

B. The Problem: The Need for Protection from “the Evil One”

C. The Ruler of this World in the Fourth Gospel

D. The Prayer of Jesus in John Chapter 17 and Its Petitionary Character

E: The Gospel of John in Context: Protection from Demonic Power in an Age of Evil in Second Temple Jewish Tradition

E.1. Serekh ha-Yaḥad

E.2. Serekh ha-Milḥamah

E.3. Songs of the Maskil

E.4. Prayer of Deliverance (11Q5 col. xix)

E.5. Aramaic Levi Document

E.6. Jubilees 10:3–6

E.7. Jubilees 12:19–20

F. From Jewish Tradition to Jesus’ Petitions in John 17: Conclusion

G. Post-scriptum

Chapter Eleven: The “Cleansing” of the Gentiles: Background for the Rationale behind the Apostles’ Decree

The Question

The Nations in the Hebrew Bible

1 Enoch 10:20–22: the Worship of God by All Humanity

The Enochic Tradition and Acts

The Treatise on the Two Spirits (1QS iii 13 – iv 26)

Conclusion

Chapter Twelve: Posturing “Apocalyptic” in Pauline Theology: How Much Contrast to Jewish Tradition?

1. Introduction

2. The “Two Ages” of Jewish Tradition and Pauline Scholarship

2.A. Ernst Käsemann

2.B. Johann Christiaan Beker

2.C. J. Louis Martyn

2.D. James D. G. Dunn

3. Models of Eschatology in Second Temple “Apocalyptic” Thought

4. Conclusion

Chapter Thirteen: Why Should Women Cover Their Heads Because of the Angels? (1 Corinthians 11:10)

A. Introduction

B. Problem Areas for Interpretation

B.1. Inconsistency

B.2. Incomplete Knowledge about the Corinthian Situation

B.3. Background in Contemporary Social Customs

B.4. Problematic Terms

C. Summary and the Nature of Gender Equality in Paul

D. Paul’s Arguments for Head “Covering”

E. Why, then, “on account of the angels”?

Conclusion

Chapter Fourteen: The Apocalypse of John, 1 Enoch, and the Question of Influence

A. Introduction

B. Comparison and Analysis

C. Conclusions

Cumulative Bibliography

Index of Passages

A. Hebrew Bible

B. New Testament

C. Jewish “Apocrypha”

D. Old Testament “Pseudepigrapha”

E. Philo

F. Josephus

G. Dead Sea Scrolls

H. Ancient Near Eastern Texts

I. Rabbinic, Hekhalot, and Medieval Jewish Literature

J. Targumic Literature

K. Early Christian and Gnostic Writings

L. Manichaean Sources

M. Greek and Roman Literature

Index of Modern Authors

Index of Subjects (with Proper and Place Names)