Cover

Dedication

Acknowledegments

Table of Contents

Notes

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction to Leviticus 18:5

1.2 History of Research

1.2.1 Research on Paul and the Law

1.2.2 Research on Leviticus 18:5

1.3 Method and Procedure

1.3.1 Criteria for Detecting an Allusion to Leviticus 18:5

1.3.2 Procedure and Approach

1.3.3 Definitions

1.4 Overview

Part 1: Leviticus 18:5 in Ancient Judaism

Chapter 2: The Use of Leviticus 18:5 in Leviticus, Ezekiel, Nehemiah, and the Septuagint

2.1 Leviticus 18:5 in Its Literary Context

2.1.1 The Meaning of Leviticus 18:5b

2.1.1.1

2.1.1.2

2.1.1.3

2.1.2 Summary

2.2 Leviticus 18:5 in Ezekiel

2.2.1 Allusions to Leviticus 18:5 in Ezekiel 18, 20, and 33

2.2.2 Leviticus 18:5 in the Literary Framework of Ezekiel

2.2.3 Summary

2.3 Leviticus 18:5 in Nehemiah 9:29

2.3.1 The Function of Leviticus 18:5 in Nehemiah 9:29

2.3.2 Summary

2.4 The Septuagint Translation of Leviticus 18:5

2.4.1 Introduction to LXX Leviticus, Ezekiel, and Nehemiah

2.4.2 LXX Leviticus 18:5

2.4.3 LXX Ezekiel

2.4.4 Leviticus 18:5 in 2 Esdras 19:29

2.4.5 Summary

Part 2: Leviticus 18:5 in Early Judaism

Chapter 3: The Use of Leviticus 18:5 in the Damascus Document

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Leviticus 18:5 in the Damascus Document (CD) III, 15–16

3.2.1 CD II, 14–III, 20: The Restoration of the Faithful Remnant

3.2.2 Leviticus 18:5: Its Form and Biblical Source

3.2.3 The Interpretation of Leviticus 18:5 in CD III, 15–16

3.2.3.1 The meaning of םה ("them") and היחו ("will live")

3.2.3.2 Leviticus 18:5 as a reversal of the death-bringing "guilty inclination"

3.2.3.3 Leviticus 18:5, Deuteronomic theology, and the restoration of the faithful remnan

3.2.3.4 E. P. Sanders on grace and works in CD III

3.2.4 Summary

3.3 Leviticus 18:5 in 4Q266

3.3.1 The Setting of the Expulsion Ceremony

3.3.2 Leviticus 18:5 and the Prayer of Expulsion

3.3.2.1 Its form and biblical source

3.3.2.2 Leviticus 18:5 and divine and human agency

3.3.2.3 Meaning of היחו ("will live")

3.3.2.4 Crossing the boundaries and forfeiting life

3.3.3 Summary

Chapter 4: The Use of Leviticus 18:5 in Words of the Luminaries (4Q504)

4.1 Introduction

4.2. Deuteronomic Theology and Its Scriptural Foundation

4.3 Leviticus 18:5 and the Sunday Prayer

4.3.1 Its Form and Biblical Source

4.3.2 Wilderness Rebellion and the Forfeiture of Life

4.3.3 The Deuteronomic Blessing of Life

4.4 Summary

Chapter 5: The Use of Leviticus 18:5 in the Psalms of Solomon

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Theological Outlook

5.2.1 Eschatology in the Psalms of Solomon

5.2.2 The Obedience of the Righteous and the Mercy of God

5.3 Leviticus 18:5 in Psalms of Solomon 14:2–3

5.3.1 Establishing the Allusion

5.3.2 Leviticus 18:5 and Eschatological Life

5.3.3 Obedience, Mercy, and Leviticus 18:5

5.4 Conclusion

Chapter 6: The Use of Leviticus 18:5 in Philo‘s De Congressu 86–87

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Encyclical Education in Philo and De Congressu

6.3 De Congressu 1–88

6.4 Philo‘s Use of Leviticus 18:5

6.4.1 The Form of the Text

6.4.2 Leviticus 18:5 and the True Life

6.4.3 Is Philo Also among the Covenantal Nomists?

6.5 Conclusion

Chapter 7: The Use of Leviticus 18:5 in Pseudo-Philo‘s Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Deuteronomic Theology and the Irrevocable Covenant of God

7.3 L.A.B.‘s Use of Leviticus 18:5 in Joshua‘s Address (23:10)

7.3.1 The Context of L.A.B. 23

7.3.2 Establishing the Allusion

7.4 The Interpretation of Leviticus 18:5

7.4.1 Leviticus 18:5 and Eternal Life

7.4.2 Leviticus 18:5 and Unconditional Mercy

7.4.3 Potential Objection: Judgment According to Obedience in L.A.B.?

7.5 The Function of Leviticus 18:5

7.6 Conclusion

Part 3: The Use of Leviticus 18:5 in Paul

Chapter 8: The Use of Leviticus 18:5 in Galatians 3:12

8.1 Introduction

8.2 The Citation of Leviticus 18:5 in Galatians 3:12

8.2.1 The Form of Leviticus 18:5

8.2.2 Paul's Argument in Galatians 3:11–12

8.2.3 Leviticus 18:5 and Habakkuk 2:4 as Antithetical Soteriologies

8.3. Review of Approaches to the Use of Leviticus 18:5 in Galatians 3:12

8.3.1 “Dogmatic” Approach

8.3.2 Nomological Approach

8.3.3 Salvation Historical Approach

8.3.4 Anthropological Approach

8.3.5 Divine and Human Agency Approach

8.3.6 Summary

8.4 Leviticus 18:5 in View of Divine and Human Agency in Galatians

8.4.1 The Theological Shape of Galatians 1 and 2

8.4.2 Galatians 3:2–5: Works of Law and the Flesh

8.4.3 Habakkuk 2:4 and Leviticus 18:5 in Galatians 3:11–12: Depictions of Divine and Human Agency

8.4.4 Summary

8.5 Conclusion

Chapter 9: The Use of Leviticus 18:5 in Romans 10:5

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Review of Approaches

9.2.1 Antithetical Approach

9.2.2 Correlative Approach

9.2.3 Arguments for an Antithetical Approach

9.3 Paul‘s Interpretation of Leviticus 18:5 in Romans 10:5

9.3.1 Running, Seeking, and Doing the Law: Divine and Human Initiative in Romans 9:6–10:8

9.3.2 Deuteronomy 30:12–14 as Antithetical to Leviticus 18:5

9.3.2.1 The Prohibited Quest

9.3.2.2 The Elimination of the "Doing" Language

Excursus 1: Deut 30:12–14 in Baruch and Philo

Excursus 2: The Law unto Life – Or Death? Romans 7:7–8:11

9.4 Conclusion

Part 4: Summary and Comparison

Chapter 10: Comparison and Conclusion

10.1 A Comparison of Second Temple Interpretations of Leviticus 18:5

10.1.1 The Relative Importance of Leviticus 18:5 in Paul and Early Judaism

10.1.2 Leviticus 18:5 and Eschatological Life

10.1.3 Leviticus 18:5 in View of Divine and Human Agency

10.1.4 Leviticus 18:5 and the Blessings and Curses of the Covenant

10.2 Implications for Paul and the Law

10.2.1 Paul and Judaism on Grace and Obedience

10.2.2 Challenges to the New Perspective

10.2.3 Paul, Judaism, and the Law: Conflicting Paradigms of Restoration

Bibliography

Primary Sources and Reference Works

Secondary Sources

Index of Sources

Old Testament

New Testament

Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Dead Sea Scrolls

Philo of Alexandria

Rabbinic Literature

Index of Modern Authors

Index of Subjects and Key Terms