Chapter
Legal instruments and codification documents
Other International Documents
UN General Assembly Resolutions
UN General Assembly decisions
Reports of the Secretary-General
Reports of the International Law Commission
Reports of the ILC Special Rapporteurs on Jurisdictional Immunities
Reports of the ILC Working Group
Documents of the UN General Assembly Sixth Committee
Reports of the UN Sixth Committee Working Group
Reports of the General Assembly Ad Hoc Committee
Documents of Other International Organizations
Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization (AALCO)
Organization of American States (OAS)
Documents of International Learned Bodies
Institut de Droit International (IDI)
International Law Association (ILA)
1 The history of State immunity
1. The age of absolute immunity
2. Exceptions to absolute immunity
3. The emergence of the doctrine of restrictive immunity
4. The descent of the State
5. The irrelevance of ideologies
7. The sources of the law of State immunity
1. A general statement of principles
2. State immunity as a principle of customary international law
3. The presumption of immunity
4. Immunity and municipal law
5. The legal basis for immunity
5.1. 'Sovereignty' and the affiliated concepts
5.2. Par in parem non habet imperium?
5.3. What is the basis of immunity?
6. The legal basis for denying immunity
6.1. The 'private person' test
6.2. The principle of territorial jurisdiction
6.3. Private act plus territoriality - Binnenbeziehung
1. What is a commercial activity?
2. What is a non-commercial activity?
3.1. The 'nature' approach
3.2. The difficulties with the 'nature' approach
3.3. The 'purpose' approach
3.4. The 'context' approach
4. The jurisdictional nexus requirement under the US FSIA
4.1. The first clause of section 1605 (a) (2)
4.1.1. 'Based upon a commercial activity'
4.1.2. 'Substantial contact'
4.2. The second clause of section 1605 (a) (2)
4.3. The third clause of section 1605 (a) (2)
4.3.2. The 'direct effect'
4.3.3. 'An immediate consequence'
4.3.4. The 'place of performance' test
4.3.5. The 'legally significant act' test
4 Contracts of employment
2. The peculiar features of employment cases
2.1. Specialized tribunals
2.2. The inadequacy of the nature/private person test
4.1. The European Convention
4.1.2. The place of performance
4.2.1. Contracts of employment as a separate category
4.5. The importance of having a contract
5.2.1. Individuals: their nationality
6.1. The employment relationship
6.2. The duties and functions of the employee
6.3. The status of the employer
6.4. The acts of the employer
6.5. The status of the employee
6.6. The nature of the particular activity
6.7. The territorial connection
6.8. The choice of law clause
7.1. Diplomatic and consular missions
7.1.1. Proceedings against the foreign State
7.1.2. 'Institutional aims'
7.1.3. Proceedings against the diplomat personally
7.2. Foreign armed forces
7.3. Other public institutions
8. Diversity and lack of uniform rules
2.1. Physical injury and tangible property
2.3. 'Discretionary function'
3. The jure imperii / jure gestionis distinction?
4. The territorial connection
4.1. Tortious act/omission only
4.3. Both tortious act/omission and injury/damage
4.5. States without immunity legislation
6. The terrorism exception in US law: a departure
2.2.1. The presumption of immunity
2.2.2. A question of status
2.2.3. 'A separate legal person'
2.2.4. 'An organ of a foreign State'
2.2.7. The question of timing
2.2.8. Other uses of the instrumentality status
2.3. Comparison and summary
2.4. Somewhere in-between: the Australian law and others
2.5. The practice of the States without immunity statutes
3. Piercing the corporate veil?
1. The general principle: immunity
3. The ILCs aborted provision
4. The 'expropriation' provision in the US FSIA
4.1. 'Rights in property'
4.2. 'Taken in violation of international law'
4.3. The territorial nexus requirement
1.1. Who can waive immunity?
1.2. Explicit or express waiver
1.3. How explicit must an explicit waiver be?
1.4. Implicit or implied waiver
1.4.2. The governing law of a contract
1.4.3. Participation or involvement in litigation
1.5. Implicit waiver as explicit waiver
1.6. The specificity of waiver
3. The practice of other States
4. Does a violation of human rights constitute an implied waiver?
2. Two distinct immunities: immunity from suit and immunity from execution
2.1. The judicial power of the court
2.2. The universal distinction between the two immunities
2.2.3. The UK SIA and other national statutes
2.2.4. The practice of other States
2.2.5. Two distinct immunities: a universal rule
3. The resurfacing of the 'purpose' test
3.3. The UK SIA and other national statutes
3.4. The practice of the States without immunity legislation
4.1. Immunity as a preliminary issue
4.2. The conditions for prejudgment measures
4.2.1. Under the same conditions as execution
4.2.2. Under more liberal conditions
4.2.3. Under stricter conditions
5. The conditions for measures of constraint
5.3. Separate entity ownership
5.3.2. The practice of the States without immunity legislation
5.4. The 'connection' requirement
5.4.1. Subject-matter connection
5.4.2. Territorial connection - Binnenbeziehung
5.4.3. The entity connection
5.5. The territorial presence requirement
5.6. Executive oversight or authorization
6. Categories of property under special protection
6.1.1. Diplomatic premises
6.1.2. Embassy bank accounts
6.2. Central bank property
6.2.3. The Australia FSIA
6.4. Other types of public property
7. Mixed accounts and accounts without definite destination
7.2. Accounts without definite destination
10 State immunity and human rights violations
1. Territorial jurisdiction
2. State immunity and criminal proceedings
3. State immunity and jus cogens
4. The assertion of extraterritorial jurisdiction
5. The State and its officials
6. The Pinochet case: a dissection
11 The genesis of the UN Convention
1. Early efforts at codification
2. The work of the International Law Commission
3. The debate in the General Assembly Sixth Committee
4. Universal support for the UN Convention
5. What the UN Convention enshrines
6. What the UN Convention avoids