HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS, NUMERICAL MODELING AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS, NUMERICAL MODELING AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1 AN EXTENDED SHALLOW-WATER-LIKE MODEL APPLIED TO FLOWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

PART I. THREE-DIMENSIONAL DRIFT-FLUX MODEL

1.1. Local Instant Formulation of the Mathematical Model for Two-Phase Flow

1.2. Approaches to Solve Local Instant Formulation

1.3. Time Averaging of the Local Instant Formulation

PART II. TWO-DIMENSIONAL DRIFT-FLUX MODEL

2.1. Dimensional Analysis and simplification

2.2 Depth-Integrated Drift-Flux Model

2.2.1 Boundary Condition at the free-Surface and the Bottom

General formulation

Kinematic Boundary Conditions

Diffusive Boundary Conditions

Dynamic boundary conditions

2.2.2 Definition of the Depth-Average and Important Relations

2.2.3 Depth-Integration of the Continuity Equation

2.2.4 Depth-Integration of the Diffusion Equation

2.2.5 Depth-integration of the Momentum Equations

2.2.6 Convective Flux

Coefficient of uneven distribution.

Covariance correction term

2.2.7 Pressure Distribution

2.3 Moment Equations of the Drift-flux Model

2.3.1 Moment of the Mixture Continuity Equation

2.3.2 Moment of the Diffusion Equation

Moment of the Momentum Equations

2.4 Multi-Layer Depth-Integrated Drift-Flux Model

2.4.1 Boundary Condition at the Interfaces between Layers

Kinematic Boundary Conditions

Dynamic Boundary Conditions

2.4.2 Depth-Integration of the Continuity Equation over a Layer

2.4.3 Depth-integration of the Diffusion Equation over a Layer

Depth-Integration of the Momentum Equation over a Layer

PART III. ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION OF DEPTH-INTEGRATED DRIFT-FLUX EQUATIONS

3.1 Single-Phase Flow

3.1.1 Particularized Model

3.1.2 Friction Correlations

3.1.3 Mathematical Properties of the System

3.1.4 Application examples

Inundation mapping

Dam break induced flood wave and inundation flow

3.2 Aerated Flow and Air Water Interactions

3.2.1 Particularized Model

3.2.2 Kinematic Constitutive Equation

3.2.3 Friction Correlation: Homogeneous Assumption

3.2.4 Mathematical Properties of the System

3.2.5 Application to Stepped Spillways

3.3 Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics

3.3.1 Particularized Model

3.3.2 Mathematical properties of the system.

3.3.3 Application Examples

Migration of a trench due to suspended load

Bed load and suspended load transport in a large reservoir

MOMENT EQUATIONS

Particularized Model

3.4.2 Mathematical Properties of the System

3.4.3 Application Examples

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 2 INTERACTING INFILTRATION DEVICES (FIELD ANALYSIS, EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION AND NUMERICAL MODELLING): PREDICTION OF SEEPAGE (OVERLAND FLOW) LOCATIONS, MECHANISMS AND VOLUMES – IMPLICATIONS FOR SUDS, GROUNDWATER RAISING PROJECTS AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION PROJECTS

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Infiltration Devices

1.2. Maintenance and Legal Issues

2. STUDY AREA

2.1. Geology

2.1.1. Clay porosity

2.1.2. Clay clods

2.2. Contours

2.3. Phreatic Surface

2.4. Soakaway Construction

2.4.1. Road soakaways

2.4.2. House soakaways

2.4.3. Design storms

2.4.4. Pressure regime

2.4.5. Assessment of Seepage Volumes

3. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SEEPAGE EVENTS

3.1. Horizontal Macropore Permeability

3.1.1. Example 1 (H3) – Shallow Horizontal Macropores

3.1.2. Example 2 (H1) – High Flow Rates in Horizontal Macropores

3.1.3. Example 3 (H2) – long distance macropore infiltration in reactivated horizontal fractures

3.1.4. Example 4 (D2) – long distance seepage through horizontal macropores from one infiltration device to another

3.1.5. Horizontal macropores: summary

4. OVERLAND FLOW ASSOCIATED WITH LARGE CARRIER CONDUITS

4.1. Field Observations

4.1.1. High volume flow associated with macropore/pipe discharge: D3

4.1.2. High volume flow associated with discharge through the piped drainage system: D1

4.1.3. Overland flow associated with a raised groundwater mound: D2

4.1.4. Overflow pipes

4.2. High Volume Pockmarks and Natural Pipes

5. OVERLAND FLOW VOLUMES

6. INFILTRATION: RECHARGE MODEL

6.1. Interpretation of Static Water Levels

6.2. Impact of Clay Expansion on Permeability

6.3. Critical Pressure Required to Form Macropores

7. SEEPAGE THROUGH MACROPORES

7.1. Area of Influence

7.2. Formation of Macropores

8. INTERPRETATION OF INFILTRATION AND PERMEABILITY

8.1. Infiltration Modelling

9. MORPHOLOGY OF THE GROUNDWATER MOUND

9.1. Groundwater Mound Modelling

9.2. Suds Implications

10. REMEDIAL MITIGATION MEASURES

10.1. Designing for Remedial Drainage

10.2. Soakaway Construction on Peatlands

11. POTENTIAL FOR GROUNDWATER RAISING

12. CO2 INFILTRATION

12.1. Example CO2 Infiltration Project

13. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 3 APPLICATION OF META-HEURISTIC OPTIMIZATION APPROACHES TO INVESTIGATE VELOCITY PROFILE EFFECT ON OPTIMAL DESIGN OF OPEN CHANNELS

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION (ACO)

3. OPTIMAL DESIGN FORMULATION FOR COMPOSIT CHANNELS (MODELS I , II)

4. PROPOSED FORMULATION CONSIDERING LOGARITHMIC VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIN (MODELS III, IV)

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1. Performance of ACO

5.2. Parameter Setting

5.3. Efficiency of ACO

5.4. Efficiency of Logarithmic Velocity Distribution

5.5. Imposing Maximum Permissible Velocity Constraint

6. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 4 APPLICATIONS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC INFINITE ELEMENTS TO HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING PROBLEMS INVOLVING INFINITE DOMAINS

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. FORMULATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL STATIC INFINITE ELEMENTS

3. APPLICATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL STATIC INFINITE ELEMENTS TO HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING PROBLEMS

4. FORMULATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL DYNAMIC INFINITE ELEMENTS

5. APPLICATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL DYNAMIC INFINITE ELEMENTS TO HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING PROBLEMS

6. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 5 HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS FOR COMMERCIAL PIPELINE DESIGN USING MATHCAD

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ANALYSIS OF PIPE DESIGN PROBLEMS

3. GOVERNING FORMULATION

3.1. Power Formula

3.2. Power Form Friction Factor (f)

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1. Head Loss and/or Pump Power Problem (Type A)

4.2. Discharge or Velocity Problem (Type B)

4.3. Sizing (Pipe Diameter or Length) Problem (Type C)

5. COMPUTATIONAL EXAMPLE AND VERIFICATION

6. CONCLUSION

7. SYMBOLS AND NOTATION

8. REFERENCES

Chapter 6 DEGRADATION OF SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE UNDER ULTRASONIC IRRADIATION

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EXPERIMENTAL

2.1. Materials and Equipments

2.2. Degradation of PSS under Ultrasonic Irradiation

2.3. Measurements and Characterization

2.4. The Capture of Radicals by DPPH during the Degradation

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Effects of Polymer Concentration on Degradation

3.2. Effect of pH on Ultrasonic Degradation

3.3. Kinetics of the Ultrasonic Degradation

3.4. Effects of Frequency of Ultrasonic Wave on Ultrasonic Degradation

3.5. Molecular Weight Distribution of PSS at Different Ultrasonic Time

3.6. UV Analysis for the Structural Change of PSS

3.7. FTIR Analysis for the Structural Change of PSS

3.8. The Identification of free Radicals Mechanism

4. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 7 GEOPHYSICAL APPROACH TO PROGRESSIVE / SUDDEN COLLAPSE OF ENGINEERING STRUCTURES IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. PROPOSED MEASURES TO BE TAKEN TO PREVENT COLLAPSE OF ENGINEERING STRUCTURES

3. ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SITE CHARACTERIZATION

4. FIELD APPLICATION /CASE STUDY

4.1. Geologic Setting

4.2. Data Acquisition and Processing

4.3. Results and Discussion

Resistivity curves

Inferred sediments

Contoured maps

4.4. CONCLUSION

4.5. REFERENCES

Chapter 8 COMMENTARY ON THE PRIOR ERRORS FOR THE CRITICAL DEPTH AND FROUDE NUMBER COMPUTATIONS

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT

2. THEORETICAL INFORMATION

3. ILLUSTRATION ON A CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION

3.1. The Cross-Sectional Computations Needed for a Partially-Filled Circular Conduit

3.2. A Numerical Example for Demonstration

3.3. Discussion on the Example

4. CONCLUSION

SYMBOLS AND NOTATION

Chapter 9 ESTIMATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF AND RECHARGE TO GROUND WATER FOR AZRAQ CATCHMENT, JORDAN USING MULTI-TEMPORAL SATELLITE IMAGES AND GIS

INTRODUCTION

STUDY AREA

THE GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY OF THE AZRAQ BASIN

DATA AND METHODS

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 10 COMMENTARY ON THE PRIOR ERRORS ON THE CONSERVATION LAWS: I. CONSERVATION OF MASS

1. FOREWORD AND PROBLEM STATEMENT

2. COMPREHENSIVE MASS CONSERVATION CONCEPT

2.1. The Causes for the Changes in the Concentration of a Matter in a System

2.2. Mathematical Modeling

I. Simplified Model for Continuous-Flow Completely-Mixed Tanks

II. Simplified Model for Plug-Flow Tanks

Iii. Simplified Model for Batch-Flow Tanks

3. SOME USEFUL ILLUSTRATIONS

Illustration.1

Illustration.2

Illustration.3

SYMBOLS AND NOTATION

Chapter 11 COMMENTARY ON THE PRIOR ERRORS ON THE CONSERVATION LAWS: II. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

1. FOREWORD AND PROBLEM STATEMENT

i. Newton’s Second Law of Motion

ii. The First Law of Thermodynamics

The Common False Derivation of Bernoulli Energy Equation

2. CORRECT DERIVATION OF BERNOULLI ENERGY EQUATION FOR LINEAR STREAMLINE

2.1. Derivation for Stagnant Fluid Element

2.2. Derivation for the Fluid Element at Flow Without Resistant Forces (Energy Losses)

2.3. Derivation for the Fluid Element at Flow with Resistant Forces (Energy Losses)

3. SOME USEFUL ILLUSTRATIONS

Illustration.1

A Static Test

A Dynamic Test

Illustration.2

SYMBOLS AND NOTATION

Chapter 12 COMMENTARY ON PRIOR ERRORS IN THE CONSERVATION LAWS: III. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

1. FOREWORD AND PROBLEM STATEMENT

2. DERIVATION OF CONSERVATION EQUATION FOR MOMENTUM OF A FLUID ELEMENT

3. SOME USEFUL ILLUSTRATIONS

Illustration 1

SYMBOLS AND NOTATION

Chapter 13 VERTICAL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF HIGHLY PERMEABLE ALLUVIAL AQUIFERS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

STUDY SITES

METHODS

Electric Conductivity Logging and Sediment Coring

Permeameter Tests

Pumping Tests

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Kv Profiles

Kv of Alluvial Aquifer from Aquifer Tests

Possible Effects on the Determination of Kv from Sediment Cores

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 14 INFLUENCE OF CHECK DAMS ON BANKFULL HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY IN SPANISH SEMI-ARID CATCHMENTS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

STUDY AREA

METHODOLOGY

Field Indicators of Bankfull Stage

Data Collection

Data Analysis

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Bankfull Hydraulic Geometry Relationships

CONCLUSION

AKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

INDEX

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