ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH VOLUME 2

ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH VOLUME 2

CONTENTS

PREFACE

RESEARCH AND REVIEW STUDIES

Chapter 1 FLUID FLOW AND CONTAMINANT PROPAGATION IN FRACTURED ROCK AQUIFERS

ABSTRACT

1. GROUNDWATER PROPAGATION IN FRACTURED ROCK AQUIFERS

1.1. Fracture Morphology and Dimension

1.2. Characterizing Fractures

1.2.1. Aperture

1.2.2. Orientation

1.2.3. Fracture Density and Intensity

1.2.4. Fracture Spacing

1.2.5. Persistence and Trace Length

1.2.6. Fracture Connectivity

1.2.7. Surface Roughness

1.2.8. Wall Coatings and Infillings

1.2.9. Hydraulic Conductivity and Porosity of Fractures and Matrix

1.2.9.1. Variation of Hydraulic Conductivity with Depth

1.3. Representative Elementary Volume (REV)

1.3.1. Definition of REV

1.3.2. Scale Effect in Fractured Rock Hydraulic Parameters

1.4. Flow in Fractured Rocks

1.4.1. From the Navier - Stokes Equations to the Stokes Equations

1.4.2. The Parallel Plate Model

1.4.3. Effect of Roughness and Turbulent Flow in Fractures

1.5. Applicability of Cubic Law in Real Fractured Rock Aquifers

2. UNSATURATED FRACTURE FLOW

2.1. Moisture Content, Capillary Pressure and Hydraulic Conductivity for Fractured Media

2.2. Fracture Hydraulic Properties

3. CONTAMINANT PROPAGATION IN FRACTURED ROCK AQUIFERS

3.1. Mechanisms of Solute Transport in Fractured Rock

3.1.1. Conservative Transport

3.1.2. Reactive Transport

3.2. Conservative Solute Transport

3.2.1. Advection

3.2.2. Hydrodynamic Dispersion

3.2.3. Channeling Phenomenon

3.2.4. Diffusion in Fractured Media

3.2.4.1. Matrix Diffusion: General Concepts

3.2.4.2. Equations for Diffusion

3.2.5. Transport by Advection and Diffusion in Fractured Aquifers

3.3. Reactive Solute Transport

3.3.1. Overview

3.3.2. Sorption

3.3.3. Effects of Advection, Diffusion and Sorption

3.4. Influence of Fracture Rock Parameters on Remediation

REFERENCES

Chapter 2 CROWDED DESERTS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

WHAT DOES “DESERTIFICATION” MEAN?

THE SCIENTISTS’ OPINION

DESERTIFICATION PROCESSES

URBAN DESERTS

DEFORESTATION

AFFORESTATION 1

ENVIRONMENT AND POPULATION

MAN AND NATURE

BUILDING DESTRUCTION

NATURE AND ARCHITECTURE

NEW TRENDS IN ARCHITECTURE

HISTORY

THE MODERN HISTORY

FORESTS AS LIVING RESOURCES

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

SPACES OCCUPIED BY TOURISM

EUROPEAN TOURISM AND COAST PROTECTION: CASES STUDY

LOCAL CASE STUDY: COMACCHIO

LOCAL CASE STUDY 2: FREGENE

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Web

Chapter 3 CONTRIBUTION OF HOMEGARDENS, AGROSILVOPASTORAL SYSTEMS, AND OTHER HUMAN-DOMINATED LAND-USE TYPES TO THE AVIAN DIVERSITY OF A BIOLOGICAL CORRIDOR IN COSTA RICA

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Landscape Fragmentation and Land Use Change Effects on Wildlife Species

Importance of the Landscape Matrix for Wildlife Conservation

Enhancing Wildlife Conservation through Biological Corridors

METHODS

Study Area Description: Path of the Tapir Biological Corridor

Land Use in the Path of the Tapir Biological Corridor

Description of the Habitats Used for Evaluation of Bird Abundance and Diversity

Bird Surveys

Data Analysis

RESULTS

Bird Abundance and Diversity in the Path of the Tapir Biological Corridor

Comparison Across Sites in Bird Abundance and Diversity

Species of Conservation Concern

DISCUSSION

Contribution of the Different Land-Use Types to Bird Diversity in the PTBC

Contribution of Agroforestry Systems to Bird Conservation in the Corridor

Role of Agrosilvopastoral Systems in Bird Species Conservation and Potential for Improvement

Role of Homegardens in Conservation of Avian Diversity in the PTBC

Contribution of Secondary Forests and Tree Plantations to Bird Conservation

Contribution of Habitat Types of the PTBC to Species of Conservation Concern

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 4 SPATIAL, TEMPORAL AND SPATIOTEMPORAL CONTINUITIES OF RAINFALLS BASED ON STATISTICAL AND GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

2. DATA AND AREAS

3. STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION MODELS

4. SPATIAL CONTINUITY OF ANNUAL PRECIPITATIONS

5. TEMPORAL CONTINUITY OF HOURLY PRECIPITATION IN A YEAR

6. SPATIAL CONTINUITY OF TOTAL PRECIPITATIONS OF A SERIES OF HEAVY RAIN

7. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CONTINUITIES OF HOURLY PRECIPITATIONS

8. SPATIOTEMPORAL CONTINUITY OF HOURLY PRECIPITATIONS

9. TEMPORAL CHANGE OF RAINFALL PATTERN

10. CONCLUSIONS AND REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 5 SECONDARY SALINIZATION OF SOILS IN THE ARAL BASIN AS A FACTOR OF ANTHROPOGENIC DESERTIFICATION

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

STUDY AREA

DISCUSSION

Secondary Salinization of Irrigated Lands within the Aral Sea Basin: Geography, Genesis and Recommendations for Improving the Situation in this Region

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 6 ASSOCIATION OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH VEHICULAR EMISSION IN SÃO PAULO CITY, BRAZIL

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1. Sampling Sites

2.2. Sampling Procedure

2.3. Sample Preparation and Chemical Analysis

2.4. Data Analysis

RESULTS

1. Results

DISCUSSION

COMMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 7 ROLE OF FIRE ON PATAGONIAN GRASSLANDS: CHANGES IN ABOVEGROUND VEGETATION AND SOIL SEED BANK

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SITE DESCRIPTION

3. PATTERNS AND PROCCESSES IN POSTFIRE SUCCESSIONS IN GRASSLANDS

3.1. Aboveground Vegetation

3.1.1. Resprouter Species

3.1.1.1. Interactions among Resprouter Species

3.1.2. Seeder Species

3.2. Soil Seed Bank

3.2.1. Seed Bank Structure and Dynamics

3.2.2. Fire and Seed Bank

3.2.3. Fire and Seed Germination

3.2.3.1. Heat-Shock

3.2.3.2. Smoke

4. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 8 PLATEAU-MONSOON WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT FOR MEIYU RAINFALL

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2.THE “DELTA” KEY REGION FEATURE OF THE MOISTURE TRANSPORT

3. DATA, MODEL, AND METHODOLOGY

4. THE BUDGET OF MOISTURE TRANSPORT IN THE “DELTA” REGION

5. FLOOD/DROUGHT CONDITIONS IN THE YRB IN RELATION TO MOISTURE TRANSPORT IN THE SOURCE REGION

6. CORRELATION BETWEEN YRB RAINFALL AND MOISTURE SOURCE AND ITS TRANSPORT

A. Correlation of Summer Precipitation in the YRB with Moisture Source Regions

B. Correlation of Summer Precipitation in the YRB with Moisture Transport

7. MODEL SIMULATION OF MEIYU RAINFALL IN THE YRB IN RESPONSE TO LONG-DISTANCE MOISTURE TRANSPORT

8. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 9 INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING ADVANCED CHEMICAL OXIDATION WITH FENTON REAGENT

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Semiconductor Industry wastewater

4.1.1. Preliminary Runs

4.1.1.1. Effect of FeSO4: H2O2 Mass Ratio

4.1.1.2. Effect of H2O2 Concentration

4.1.1.3. Reaction Time

4.1.2. Experimental Design

4.2. Wood Production Wastewater

5. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 10 RECOGNITION OF LIKELY LARGE-SCALE LANDSLIP FAILURE SURFACES THROUGH GEOTECHNICAL CORE LOGGING METHODS

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. GEOTECHNICAL ROCK CORE LOGGING

2.1. Qualitative Rock Mass Descriptions

2.2. Quantitative Rock Mass Strength Characterization

3. FURTHER CHARACTERIZATION AND IMPLICATIONS

4. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 11 EMBRACING DATA: POTENTIAL USES FOR DATA LOGGING IN ONLINE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS

INTRODUCTION

AN OVERVIEW OF ONLINE EDUCATION AND DATA-LOGGING IN THE U.S.

DATA LOGS AND ONLINE COMMUNITY

DATA LOGS FOR LOGISTICAL PLANNING

DATA LOGS FOR INSTRUCTIONAL INDIVIDUALIZATION

DATA LOGS AND ETHICS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter12HEAVYRAINFALL:LONG-TERMEFFECTSANDMITIGATIONWITHDRAINS

Abstract

1Introduction

2InfluenceofGroundwateronLandslidesinSaturatedSoils

3GroundwaterRegime.Equations

4FilmofWateratGroundSurface

5VariableWaterFluxatGroundSurface

6DesignCharts

7NumericalMethods

8Conclusion

9AppendixA.Typesofdrains

10AppendixB.DesignChartsforDrainTrenches

11AppendixC

References

Chapter13MULTIVARIATEZONATIONOFLOGGINGDATA

Abstract

1Introduction

2TheMultivariateZonationProblem

2.1StatisticalZonation

2.2ZonationbyEdge-preservingSmoothing

3Results

4Conclusion

5Acknowledgments

References

COMMENTARY

Commentary SYNTHETIC FLUID INCLUSION LOGGING

LOGGING PROBLEM IN HIGH TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL WELL

FLUID INCLUSIONS

METHODOLOGY FOR SYNTHETIC FLUID INCLUSION LOGGING

MICROTHERMOMETRY

FUTURE OUTLOOK

REFERENCES

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Short Communication THE ROLE OF WATER VAPOUR CONDENSATION IN GLOBAL WARMING

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EVIDENCE FROM MASS BALANCE CALCULATIONS

CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INDEX

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