VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY

VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter I HISTOMONAS MELEAGRIDIS: A NEW FOCUS ON A RE-EMERGING PROTOZOAN PARASITE

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

LIFE CYCLE

Natural Infections

Transmission by an Intermediate Host

Direct Transmission

Experimentally-Induced Infections

HOST SPECTRUM

PATHOGENESIS

General External Symptoms

Histomonosis in Turkeys

Histomonosis in Chickens

Effect on Serum and Tissue Molecules

MORPHOLOGY

H. Meleagridis in the Host

Histomonas Meleagridis in Heterakis

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION

DIAGNOSIS

CULTURING HISTOMONAS MELEAGRIDIS

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Function

Nitroimidazoles

Disruption of Energy-transfer Reactions

Nitrofurans

Nitrothiazoles and Related Compounds

Arsenical Compounds

Antibiotics

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

Elimination of Accompanying Caecal Bacteria

Anthelminthic Compounds

Benzimidazoles

Compounds with unknown Mechanisms of Action

Phytoproducts

Quinolines

Other Compounds

Future Compounds

IMMUNITY AGAINST H. MELEAGRIDIS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter II PARASITE CONTROL AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Nigeria’s Livestock Resources

Constraints of Livestock Production in Nigeria

PARASITE RESISTANCE IN NIGERIA AND OTHER AFRICAN COUNTRIES

PARASITE VACCINES VERSUS DRUG RESISTANCE

BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF PARASITE RESISTANCE

MOLECULAR AND GENETIC MECHANISMS OF PARASITE RESISTANCE

THE ROLE OF EMERGING BIOTECHNOLOGIES IN PARASITE CONTROL

CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter III COMMON AVIAN PARASITES AND EMERGING DISEASES

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Diagnostic Examinations

ECTOPARASITES

Mallophaga

Hippoboscidae

Knemidokoptes

Flies

ENDOPARASITES

Protozoa

Trichomonas

Giardia

Coccidia

Caryospora

HELMINTHS

Trematoda (Flukes)

Cestoda (Tapeworms)

Nematoda (Roundworms)

Ascaridia

Capillaria

Serratospiculum

Syngamus Trachea

Blood Parasites

Plasmodium

Haemoproteus

Leukocytozoon

Emerging Diseases

Microsporidiosis Caused by Enterocytozoon Bieneusi

Cryptosporidia

Mosquito-borne Parasitoses

West-Nile Virus

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter IV PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE AND PARASITE DISSEMINATION IN CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

INITIAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

COMPARTMENTAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

Skin

From Skin to other Organs

Blood Compartment

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter V EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF BOVINE NEOSPOROSIS IN HIGH-PRODUCING DAIRY HERDS IN NORTH-EASTERN SPAIN (REVIEW)

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

LIFE CYCLE AND TRANSMISSION OF THE PARASITE

POSSIBILITY OF SYLVATIC CYCLE IN SPAIN

SEROLOGIC AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES AT FARM LEVEL

1. Pregnancy Diagnoses

2. Serology

3. Analysis of Aborted Fetuses

ENDOGENOUS VERTICAL TRANSMISSION IS THE MAIN TRANSMISSION OF N. CANINUM IN DAIRY HERDS IN NORTH-EASTERN SPAIN

NEOSPORA CANINUM INFECTION IN ANIMALS CHRONICALLY-INFECTED PRIOR TO PREGNANCY EXERT A SIGNIFICANT ABORTIFACIENT EFFECT AFTER 90 DAYS OF GESTATION BUT NOT BEFORE

ANNUAL SEROLOGICAL SCREENING FOR N. CANINUM CAN BE AN EFFECTIVE AND RAPID METHOD OF DETECTING N. CANINUM INFECTION AND RELATED RISK OF ABORTION

NEOSPORA SEROPOSITIVITY CAN BE VERY STABLE THROUGH TIME

REPEATED ABORTION RATES IN N. CANINUM-INFECTED COWS

ANTIBODY DYNAMICS IN DAIRY CATTLE CHRONICALLY-INFECTED WITH N. CANINUM

NEOSPORA CANINUM INFECTION DOES NOT AFFECT THE FERTILITY OF HIGH-PRODUCING DAIRY COWS

IN COWS WITH HIGH N. CANINUM ANTIBODY TITRES, SUPPLEMENTARY PROGESTERONE AT MID-GESTATION INCREASES ABORTION

NEOSPORA CANINUM DOES NOT SEEM TO AFFECT PLACENTAL FUNCTION IN THOSE ANIMALS SEROPOSITIVE THAT DO NOT ABORT

ROLE OF INTERFERON-GAMMA (IFN-Γ) IN PROTECTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES IN NATURALLY-INFECTED N. CANINUM COWS

CONTROL AND PREVENTION: THE USE OF BEEF BULL SEMEN REDUCES THE RISK OF ABORTION IN N. CANINUM SEROPOSITIVE DAIRY CATTLE

REDUCTION OF SEROPREVALENCE AND ABORTION RATES RELATED TO N. CANINUM IN NORTH-EAST SPAIN AFTER ADVISED CONTROL MEASURES AT FARM LEVEL

REFERENCES

Chapter VI GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BOVINE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT DURING NEMATODE INFECTION

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

ALTERATIONS IN CYTOKINE PROFILES DURING INFECTION

CELL ADHESION MOLECULES

MUCINS AND MUCIN BIOSYNTHESIS

PERTURBATION IN PATHWAYS AND REGULATORY NETWORKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter VII AN UPDATE ON LIBYOSTRONGYLUS, A GASTRO-INTESTINAL NEMATODE OF OSTRICHES

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LIBYOSTRONGYLUS PARASITE

2.1. Morphology of L. douglassii and L. dentatus

2.2. Life Cycle

2.2.1. Free Living Stages

2.2.2. Parasitic Stages

3. DISTRIBUTION AND PREVALENCE

4. PATHOLOGY

5. DIAGNOSIS

5.1. Clinical Examination

5.2. Laboratorial Examination

5.2.1. Feces examination: Eggs and Infective Larvae Observations

5.2.2. Necropsy

6. METHODS OF CONTROL

6.1. Anthelmintics Treatment

7. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter VIII GENITAL LESIONS AND VENEREAL TRANSMISSION OF CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

GENITAL LESIONS AND VENEREAL TRANSMISSION OF CANINE VL

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter IX THE RELEVANCE OF GIARDIA INFECTIONS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

PARASITE LIFE CYCLE

PARASITE TAXONOMY

PREVALENCE

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS OF GIARDIA

CLINICAL SYMPTOMS

DIAGNOSIS

Microscopical Examination

Immunological Diagnosis

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

TREATMENT AND CONTROL

Chemotherapeutic Treatment

(Pro)Benzimidazoles

Paromomycin

Alternative Approaches

Vaccination

Control

Measures to Support Curative Treatment

Measures to Prevent Infection

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter X SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS TENUIS IN CERVIDS OF NORTH AMERICA: A REVIEW

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EARLY EFFORTS AT DEVELOPING AN ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY FOR P. TENUIS

EXCRETORY-SECRETORY (ES) PRODUCTS: CHOICE ANTIGEN FOR P. TENUIS SERODIAGNOSIS

STANDARDIZATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF P. TENUIS ELISA TESTS AND REAGENTS, ESPECIALLY LARVAL EXCRETORY-SECRETORY PRODUCTS AND CONJUGATES

VALIDATION OF P. TENUIS ELISAS

REGULATORY AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

CAN A SEROLOGICAL TEST, SUCH AS A P. TENUIS ELISA TEST, DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN A CURRENTLY-INFECTED HOST AND ANOTHER THAT HAS OVERCOME THE PARASITE?

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter XI TICK G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS AS TARGETS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ACARICIDES

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter XII BIOTRANSFORMATION OF XENOBIOTICS IN LANCET FLUKE (DICROCOELIUM DENDRITICUM)

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Chemicals

Collection of Parasite Material

Preparation of Subcellular Fractions

Cultivation of D. Dendriticum in Medium

Biotransformation of ABZ and ABZSO In Vitro

Biotransformation of ABZ and ABZSO Ex Vivo

HPLC analysis of ABZ and Its Metabolites

Solid Phase Extraction and Sample Preparation for LC-MS

LC-MS

Enzyme Assays

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Activities of Oxidation Enzymes in Lancet Fluke In Vitro

Activities of Reduction Enzymes in Lancet Fluke In Vitro

Activities of Conjugation Enzymes in Lancet Fluke In Vitro

Biotransformation of Albendazole (ABZ) in Lancet Fluke In Vitro and Ex Vivo

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter XIII CROSS-IMMUNITY AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DIAGNOSTICS OF PARASITIC TREMATODOSIS IN RUMINANTS BY MEANS OF IMMUNOENZYMATIC PROBES

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

LIFE-CYCLE

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS

RECENT APPROACHES IN SEROLOGICAL METHODS TO THE DETECTION OF PARASITIC TREMATODOSIS

a) Coprological Analysis

b) Blood Samples Collection

c) ELISA

d) Analysis of the Cross-immune Reaction

1) Gel-Filtration Chromatography

2) SDS-PAGE

3) Electroelution

e) Results

1) Chromatography

2) Electroelution

3) ELISA

4) Cross-immunity

Crude excretory/secretory antigens

Chromatography peaks

Electroeluted fractions

DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter XIV ANIMAL MODELS SUITABLE TO STUDY COMPLEX POLYGENIC PROCESSES

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

ANIMAL MODELS

THE CBI-IGE MODEL

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INDEX

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