ARGININE AMINO ACID

ARGININE AMINO ACID

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1 Analytical Methods of the Determination of Arginine Amino Acid

Abstract

Introduction

Sources

Dietary Sources

Biosynthesis

Functions and Importance of Arginine

Methods of Analysis

Liquid Chromatography

Ion Exchange Separation

Reverse-Phase Liquid Chromatography

Gas Chromatography

Capillary Electrophoresis

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Methodological Considerations Regarding the Quantification of L-Arginine in Biological Matrices

Derivatization Reagents for LC Analysis

Ninhydrin

Dansyl Chloride

Dabsyl Chloride

1-Fluoro-2, 4-Dinitrobenzene

Phenylisothiocyanate

Ortho-Phtaldehyde

9H-Fluoren-9-Ylmethyl Chloroformate

Diethyl 2(Ethoxymethylidene)Propanedioate

6-Aminoquinolyl-N-Hydroxysuccinimidyl Carbamate

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2 Alternative Metabolic Pathways of Arginine and their Pathophysiological Roles

Abstract

Abbreviations

Introduction - Arginine, a Functional Amino Acid with Several Metabolic Roles

Nitric Oxide Synthase

Arginase

Alternative Pathways of Arginine Metabolism

Inhibition of NOS and Arginase Isoforms

NOS Inhibitors

Arginase Inhibitors

NOS Isoforms in Diseases

The Involvement of NOS Isoforms in the Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Nitric Oxide and Preeclampsia

Arginase in Diseases

Arginase in Cardiovascular Diseases

Arginase in Pulmonary Hypertension

Arginase in Silicosis

Arginase in Asthma

Arginase in other Disorders

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3 Free Amino Acid Analysis in Natural Matrices

Abstract

Introduction

Essential Amino Acids

Nonessential Amino Acids

1. Amino Acids Analysis

1.1. Derivatization

Post-Column Derivatization

Pre-Column Derivatization

1.2. Separation

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Mass Spectrometry (MS)

Gas Chromatography (GC)

Capillary Electrophoresis

2. Free Amino Acids in Natural Matrices

2.1. Wild Edible Mushroom Species

2.2. Brassica oleraceae var. costata DC (Tronchuda Cabbage)

Internal Leaves

External Leaves

2.3. Red Wine

Dekkera bruxellensis

Amino Acids Profile of Dão Red Wine and D. bruxellensis Effects

2.4. Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) Fruit and Jam

Quince Fruit

Quince Jam

2.5. Catharanthus roseus

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4 Discovery of Argininosuccinate Synthetase and Argininosuccinate Lyase

Abstract

1. Introduction to Arginine

2. History of Arginine Synthesis

Step 1

Step 2

3. The Biochemical Reactions of Arginine Synthesis

Step 1

Step 2

Step 2

Step 1

Step 3

Step 1a

Step 1b

Step 1

Step 2

4. Catalytic, Physical, and Immunological Properties of ASS

Catalytic Properties

Physical Properties

Immunological Properties

5. Molecular Aspects of ASS

6. Catalytic, Physical, and Immunological Properties of ASL

Catalytic and Immunological Properties

Physical Properties

Comparative Analyses

7. Molecular Aspects of ASL

8. Tissue Expression of ASS and ASL

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5 Expression and Localization of Argininosuccinate Synthetase and Argininosuccinate Lyase in the Female and Male Rat Kidneys

Abstract

Introduction

Material and Methods

Animals

Kidney Preparation and Dissection of the Renal Zones

Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analyses

Indirect Immunofluorescence

Calculation and Statistical analyses

Chemicals

Results

Regional Distribution of ASS Protein in the Rat Kidney

Regional Expression of ASL Protein in the Rat Kidney

Differential Expression of ASS and ASL in the Rat Kidney

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6 Chemical Structure and Toxicity in Arginine-Based Surfactants

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Experimental Methods

2.1. Adsorption and Aggregation Properties

2.2. Red Blood Cell Assay

2.3. Citotoxicity Evaluation

3. Single Chain Arginine Surfactants

3.1. Adsorption and Aggregation Properties

3.2. Toxicity

4. Arginine-Based Gemini Surfactants

4.1. Adsorption and Aggregation Properties

4.2. Toxicity

4.2.1 Hemolysis and Potential Ocular Irritation

4.2.2 Cytotoxicity

5. Glycerolipid-Like Arginine Based Surfactants

5.1. Adsorption and Aggregation Properties

5.2. Toxicity

5.2.1. Hemolysis

5.2.2. Cytotoxicity

Conclusion

References

Chapter 7 Arginine: Physico-Chemical Properties, Interactions with Ion-Exchange Membranes, Recovery and Concentration by Electrodialysis

1. Introduction

2. Experimental

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Arginine Sorption by Cation-Exchange Membranes

3.2. Hydration of Membranes, Saturated with Arginine

3.3. Recovery and Concentration of Arginine in an Electromembrane System

Conclusion

Note

References

Chapter 8 Central Functions of L-Arginine and its Metabolites for Stress Behavior

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Central Functions of L-Arginine, Nitric Oxide, Agmatine, L-Ornithine and L-Citrulline for Stress Behavior in Chicks

3. Central Functions of L-Proline for Stress Response in Chicks

4. Central Functions of L-Glutamate for Stress Response in Chicks

5. Central Functions of Polyamines for Stress Response in Chicks

6. Central Functions of Creatine for Stress Response in Chicks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9 Arginine Requirement and Metabolism in Marine Fish Larvae - Review of Recent Findings

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Amino Acid Requirements in Diplodus Sargus and Solea Senegalensis: Comparison of Arginine Levels in Larvae and Live Food

3. Metabolism of Arginine

4. Supplementation of Arginine in Long Term Trials

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 10 Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Cellular Internalization

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Preparations of Plasmids, Proteins, Peptides and Nanoparticles.

Mammalian and Plant Cells

Covalent Protein Transduction (CPT) in Plant Cells

Noncovalent Protein Transduction (NPT) in Mammalian Cells

Covalent and Noncovalent Protein Transductions (CNPT) in Mammalian Cells

Fluorescent and Confocal Microscopy

Results

Covalent Protein Transduction (CPT) in Plant Cells

Noncovalent Protein Transduction (NPT) in Mammalian Cells

Covalent and Noncovalent Protein Transductions (CNPT) in Mammalian Cells

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

References

Chapter 11 Effects of Deep Sea Water on Changes in Free Amino Acids and Tolerance to Fusarium Root Rot in Mycorrhizal Asparagus Plants

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

AMF Inoculation and Growing Plants

Evaluation of AMF Colonization Level

Determination of Free Amino Acids in Plants

Inoculation with Fusarium Proliferatum

Estimation of Symptoms of Fp

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 12 Influence of Arginine-Containing Peptides on the Haemostasis System

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results

Discussion

References

Chapter 13 Newly Identified Transcriptional Regulation by Mcm1p at ARG1 Promoter

Abstract

1. Recruitment of Mcm1p by Gcn4p at ARG1

2. Promoter-Dependent Recruitment of Homodimeric Mcm1p By Activation Domain of Gcn4p

3. Collaborative Cooperation for Recruitment Between Mcm1p and Gcn4p At ARG1

4. Mutagenesis of DNA Elements in ARG1 Promoter and Requirement of Mcm1p Binding Site for Gcn4p Recruitment

5. Contribution of Mcm1p for Recruitment of Co-Activator SWI/SNF

6. Requirement of Mcm1p Binding Site for Growth and ARG1 Transcription in Arginine Starvation

7. Additional Requirement of Gcn4p And Mm1p in Synthetic Defined Complete Medium Than in Synthetic Defined Minimal Medium During Arginine Starvation

8. Requirement of Mcm1p Binding Sites for Survival in the Absence of Arginine and Gcn4p

9. Regulation of Mcm1p Binding Site in ARC2 Through Excess Amino Acids Rather Than Arginine

10. Arginine-Dependent Subunit Assembly for Argr/Mcm1p Repressor at ARG1

11. Directions and Applications for Future Work

References

Index

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