TEMPORARILY OPEN/CLOSED ESTUARIES IN SOUTH AFRICA

TEMPORARILY OPEN/CLOSED ESTUARIES IN SOUTH AFRICA

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2: 2. HYDRODYNAMICS

2.1 CATCHMENT PROCESSES

2.1.1 Climactic Factors

2.1.2.Catchment Characteristics and Their Effects on Flows

2.1.3.Sediment Yields

2.1.4.Anthropogenic Changes

2.2. COASTAL PROCESSES

2.2.1. Wave Climate

2.2.2. Tides

2.2.3. Near-Shore Currents

2.2.4. Beaches and the Littoral Zone

2.3. ESTUARINE PROCESSES

2.3.1. Physical Characteristics that Affect Hydrodynamic Functioning

2.3.2. Water, Salinity and Nutrient Budgets

2.3.3. Mouth Dynamics

2.3.4. Tidal Exchange Flows

2.3.5. Wind-Driven Waves, Flows and Mixing

2.3.6. Sedimentation Patterns

Chapter 3: 3. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.1. TEMPERATURE

3.2. SALINITY

3.3. IRRADIANCE

3.4. DISSOLVED OXYGEN

3.5. INORGANIC NUTRIENTS

Chapter 4: 4. PRIMARY PRODUCERS

4.1. PHYTOPLANKTON

4.2.MICROPHYTOBENTHOS

4.3.MACROPHYTES

Chapter 5: 5. CONSUMERS &TOP PREDATORS

5.1.MICROBIAL LOOP

5.2. ZOOPLANKTON

5.3.MEIOFAUNA

5.4.MACROBENTHOS

5.5. FISH

5.6. BIRDS

Chapter 6: 6. THE FUTURE OF TOCES AND ROLE OF MANAGEMENT

6.1. CATCHMENT AND FLOW MANAGEMENT

6.2. ARTIFICIAL BREACHING

6.3. FLOOD PLAIN ENCROACHMENT

6.4. SAND MINING OPERATIONS

6.5. EXPLOITATION OF BIORESOURCES ANDRECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

6.6. CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION

6.7. IMPACTS OF SEA-LEVEL RISEAND CLIMATE CHANGE

6.8. LEGISLATIVE TOOLS FOR THEPROTECTION OF TOCES

EPILOGUE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

INDEX

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