Cover

Half Title

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Part 1 : Overview of Infections in the Immunocompromised Host

Chapter 1: Overview of Infections in the Immunocompromised Host

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW OF HOST DEFENSES

PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES

SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCIES

SCREENING FOR SUSPECTED IMMUNODEFICIENCY

SUMMARY

References

Part 2 : Laboratory Diagnosis: Approaches, Interpretations, and Limitations Infections by Specific Etiologic Agents

Chapter 2: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

DESCRIPTION OF THE VIRUS

TRANSMISSION OF HIV

NATURAL HISTORY OF UNTREATED INFECTION

APPROACH TO THERAPY

TRANSPLANTATION IN HIV

DIAGNOSIS OF HIV

CURRENT CDC GUIDELINES FOR HIV DIAGNOSIS

QUANTITATIVE HIV-1 VIRAL LOAD TESTING

MONITORING HIV-1 INFECTION

HIV-1 RESISTANCE TESTING

HIV-1 TROPISM ASSAY

References

Chapter 3: Chronic Hepatitis B, C, and D

INTRODUCTION

HEPATITIS B

HEPATITIS C

HEPATITIS D

References

Chapter 4: Cytomegalovirus

VIROLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS

LABORATORY METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS

GOALS AND ALGORITHMS OF LABORATORY TESTING FOR CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION

CLINICAL APPLICATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS IN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM-CELL TRANSPLANT PATIENTS

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS IN SOLID-ORGAN TRANSPLANT PATIENTS

CONGENITAL CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION

SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING

SUMMARY

References

Chapter 5: Epstein-Barr Virus

EBV INFECTION IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST

References

Chapter 6: Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella-Zoster Virus

HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS

VARICELLA–ZOSTER VIRUS

References

Chapter 7: Human Herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7

INTRODUCTION

VIROLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT

LABORATORY TESTING OPTIONS AND APPLICATIONS

DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM, RESULT INTERPRETATION, AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

References

Chapter 8: Human Papillomavirus

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS

LABORATORY TESTING

References

Chapter 9: Polyomaviruses

INTRODUCTION

SEROPREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

POLYOMAVIRUSES IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT INDIVIDUALS

HUMAN DISEASES CAUSED BY POLYOMAVIRUSES IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS

BK AND JC GENOTYPES AND MUTATIONS WITHIN THE GENE REGIONS: CLINICAL IMPACT

POLYOMAVIRUSES AND CANCER

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS

MODULATION OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION VERSUS ANTIVIRAL COMPOUNDS FOR POLYOMAVIRUS THERAPY

SUMMARY

References

Chapter 10: Adenovirus

INTRODUCTION

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS

SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS

THERAPEUTIC ALTERNATIVES

DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES

PROGNOSTICATION

CONCLUSION

References

Chapter 11: Respiratory RNA Viruses

INTRODUCTION

TAXONOMY AND DESCRIPTION OF AGENTS

EPIDEMIOLOGY, TRANSMISSION, PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

CONSIDERATIONS FOR TREATMENT, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL

DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES

COLLECTION, TRANSPORT, AND STORAGE OF SPECIMENS

VIRUS ISOLATION IN CELL CULTURE

DIRECT EXAMINATION

SEROLOGIC TESTS

ANTIGENIC AND GENETIC TYPING/SUBTYPING SYSTEMS

ANTIVIRAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING

EVALUATION, INTERPRETATION, AND REPORTING OF RESULTS

References

Chapter 12: Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses

CLASSIFICATION AND BIOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT HOSTS

HUMAN ENTEROVIRUS AND PARECHOVIRUS INFECTIONS IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST POPULATIONS

TREATMENT

LABORATORY DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES

References

Chapter 13: Parvovirus B19

DESCRIPTION OF THE AGENT AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INFECTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL DISEASE

GOALS OF LABORATORY TESTING

LABORATORY TESTING OPTIONS, APPLICATIONS, AND INTERPRETATION

ORGAN-SYSTEM AND SAMPLE-TYPE-SPECIFIC INTERPRETATION OF DATA

THERAPY

SUMMARY

References

Chapter 14: Filamentous Fungi

INTRODUCTION

TERMINOLOGY AND TAXONOMY

ETIOLOGIC AGENTS OF INVASIVE DISEASE

IMMUNOLOGY OF INVASIVE MOLD INFECTIONS

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FILAMENTOUS MYCOSES IN SELECTED IMMUNOCOMPROMISED GROUPS

LABORATORY TESTS

ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING

PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FUNGAL DISEASE IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS

SUMMARY

References

Chapter 15: Yeasts

TAXONOMY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, DISEASE SPECTRUM, AND ANTIFUNGAL DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT YEASTS

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS AND DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES

References

Chapter 16: Mycobacteria

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PATHOGENS

MTBC

NTM

SLOWLY GROWING NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA (SGM)

RAPIDLY GROWING MYCOBACTERIA (RGM)

SPECTRUM OF CLINICAL DISEASE IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST

RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS

INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS

SUMMARY

References

Chapter 17: Aerobic Actinomycetes of’Clinical Significance

INTRODUCTION

TAXONOMY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

GOALS OF LABORATORY TESTING

SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING AND THERAPY

SUMMARY

References

Chapter 18: Parasites

INTRODUCTION

INTESTINAL PROTOZOA

BLOOD AND TISSUE PROTOZOA

INTESTINAL AND TISSUE HELMINTHS

ARTHROPODS

References

Chapter 19: Selected Topics in Aerobic Bacteriology

INTRODUCTION: AEROBIC BACTERIA

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTIONS IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER AND ITS TREATMENT

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANT PATIENTS

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS

SPECIFIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCIES

SPECIFIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH AGING AND CHRONIC DISEASES

CULTURE AND NONCULTURE METHODS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING

References

Chapter 20: Selected Topics in Anaerobic Bacteriology

INTRODUCTION

ANAEROBIC BACTERIOLOGY

BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS

PYOGENIC POLYMICROBIAL INFECTIONS

TOXIN-MEDIATED CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

References

Part 3: Laboratory Diagnosis: Approaches, Interpretations, and Limitations Infections of Specific Organ Systems

Chapter 21: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

HOST FACTORS AND SUBGROUPS

DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES AND INTERPRETATION

DIAGNOSTIC YIELD AND ASSAY INTERPRETATION

SUMMARY

References

Chapter 22: Genitourinary Tract Infections

INTRODUCTION

URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

GENITAL TRACT INFECTIONS

CONCLUSIONS

References

Chapter 23: Gastrointestinal Infections

BACKGROUND

AGENTS

DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES

SUMMARY

References

Chapter 24: Central Nervous System Infections

INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

IMMUNOCOMPROMISED STATUS AND SYNDROMES

CNS PATHOGENS

VIRAL PATHOGENS

FUNGAL PATHOGENS

PROTOZOAN PATHOGENS

MYCOBACTERIAL PATHOGENS

LABORATORY TESTING AND INTERPRETATION

References

Chapter 25: Bloodstream Infections

INTRODUCTION

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INFECTIONS

PREDISPOSING FACTORS FOR BLOODSTREAM INFECTION

DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES AND INTERPRETATION

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING

COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MOLECULAR METHODS

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY

SUMMARY

References

Chapter 26: Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

DESCRIPTION AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF’SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DISEASE SPECTRUM IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT AND IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS

DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO SSTI BASED ON CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

NONMOLECULAR LABORATORY DIAGNOSTIC METHODS AND IMAGING STUDIES FOR SSTI

MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSING SSTI IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS

SUMMARY

References

Part 4: Special Topics

Chapter 27: Prosthetic Device Infections

INTRODUCTION

BIOFILMS AND SMALL-COLONY VARIANTS

SPECIFIC PROSTHETIC DEVICES

LABORATORY METHODS

SUMMARY

References

Chapter 28: Hospital-Associated Infections

INTRODUCTION

HOSPITAL-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS BY’PATHOGEN TYPES

LABORATORY DIAGNOSTIC METHODS

SUMMARY

References

Chapter 29: Surgical Pathologic Diagnosis

INTRODUCTION

REACTIVE TISSUE CHANGE, DISEASES, AND SYNDROMES

NEOPLASMS IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS

INFECTIONS DIAGNOSED BY SURGICAL PATHOLOGY

SPECIAL TECHNIQUES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

References

Index