Chapter
1.2.2 Polygenic Sex Determination
1.3 SEX DETERMINATION IN CLAMP SHRIMP
1.4 SEX-LINKED GENES AND SEX DETERMINATION IN ARTEMIA SALINA
1.5 EPIGENETIC FACTORS ON SEX DETERMINATION
1.5.1 Influence of Environmental Factors on Sex Determination
1.5.1.1 Influence of Temperature, Nutrition, and Parasitism
1.5.1.2 Influence of Photoperiod
1.5.2 Influence of Cytoplasmic Sex Factors on Sex Determination
1.6 EVOLUTION OF SEX-DETERMINING MECHANISM IN ISOPODS
1.6.1 Genetic Sex Determination
1.6.2 Cytoplasmic Sex Determination in Isopods
1.6.3 Intragenomic Conflicts in Isopods
1.9 HORMONAL REGULATION OF SEX DETERMINATION IN CRUSTACEA
2.2 GONAD DIFFERENTIATION
2.3 FEMALE DIFFERENTIATION IN ORCHESTIA GAMMARELLUS
2.3.1 Secondary Sexual Characteristics
2.4 MALE SEX DIFFERENTIATION IN ORCHESTIA GAMMARELLUS
2.4.1 External Male Characteristics
2.5 SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION IN ISOPODS
2.6 SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION IN DECAPODA
2.7 DISCOVERY OF ANDROGENIC GLAND
2.8 ROLE OF ANDROGENIC GLAND IN MALE SEX DIFFERENTIATION
2.9 ANDROGENIC GLAND HORMONE
2.9.2 Isolation of Insulin-like Androgenic Gland Hormone
2.9.3 Silencing of Mr-IAG
2.10 MOLECULAR BASIS OF SEX DIFFERENTIATION
2.10.1 dmrt Gene Expression
2.10.2 Doublesex (Dsx) Gene
2.10.3 Tra Homologue Genes
3.3.1 Nonfunctional Hermaphroditism
3.3.2 Sequential Hermaphroditism
3.3.3 Protandric Hermaphroditism
3.3.3.2 The Anomuran Crab Emerita asiatica
3.4 PROTANDRIC SIMULTANEOUS HERMAPHRODITISM
3.6 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY IMPORTANCE OF SEQUENTIAL HERMAPHRODITISM
3.8 INTERSEXUALITY IN CRUSTACEA
3.9 GYNANDROMORPHISM IN CRUSTACEA
3.9.1 Gynandromorphism in Decapods
3.9.2 Branchiopoda: Anostracans
3.9.3 Methyl Farnesoate Control of Gynandromorphism
3.10.1 Parthenogenesis in Artemia salina
3.10.2 Parthenogenesis in Daphnia Species
3.10.3 Facultative Parthenogenesis in the Crayfish Orconectes limosus
3.10.4 Parthenogenesis in Marbled Crayfish
4.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING MATING SYSTEM
4.2.2 Availability of Breeding Females
4.3 INFLUENCE OF MOLTING ON MATING SYSTEM
4.4 LIFE HISTORY VARIATION AND MATING SYSTEM
4.5 TYPES OF MATING SYSTEMS
4.5.1.2 Pair-Forming Parasitic Pea Crabs
4.5.1.3 Desert Isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri
4.6.1 Symbiotic Shrimp Pontonia margarita
4.7 EUSOCIALITY IN SPONGE-DWELLING SNAPPING SHRIMP SYNALPHEUS
4.8 SOCIAL MONOGAMY TO EUSOCIALITY
4.11.1 Scramble-Competition Polygyny
4.11.2 Host Defense Polygyny
4.11.3 Female-Centered Polygyny
4.14 AGGREGATIONAL MATING IN SAND CRABS
4.15 MATING SYSTEMS IN HERMAPHRODITES
5.2.1 Female-Centered Competition
5.2.2 Resource-Centered Competition
5.3.1 Mate Guarding in Decapoda
5.3.2 Mate Guarding in Amphipods
5.3.3 Mate Guarding in Isopods
5.4 ALTERNATIVE MATING STRATEGY
5.5 MALE MORPHOTYPES AND ALTERNATIVE MATING TACTICS
5.6.1 Intersexual Conflict of Reproductive Interests
6.2.1 Sex Pheromones in Brachyuran Crabs
6.2.2 Lobsters and Crayfishes
6.2.3.1 Chemical Nature of Contact Pheromones
7 - Reproductive Cycle and Environmental Control
7.2 PATTERNS OF REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
7.3 CONTINUOUS REPRODUCTION
7.4 SEMIANNUAL REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
7.6 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
7.7 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AFFECTING REPRODUCTION
8.1.1 Morphology of Female Reproductive System
8.1.2 Structure of the Ovary
8.2 CHELICERATE AND MANDIBULATE TYPE OF OVARY
8.3.1 Oocyte Proliferation
8.4 OOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION
8.6 ENDOGENOUS YOLK SYNTHESIS
8.7 EXOGENOUS YOLK SYNTHESIS
8.8.1 Phylogenetic Analysis of Vg
8.8.2 Vg Gene Expression and Yolk Synthesis
8.8.3 Vitellogenin Receptor and Yolk Protein Uptake
8.10 CRUSTACEAN LIPOVITELLIN
8.11 CORTICAL ROD FORMATION
9 - Endocrine Regulation of Vitellogenesis
9.2 EYESTALK INHIBITORY HORMONES
9.3 VITELLOGENESIS-INHIBITING HORMONE
9.5 GONAD-STIMULATING HORMONES
9.5.1 Vitellogenesis-Stimulating Hormones
9.5.2 Stimulatory Action of CHH Peptides
9.5.3 Biogenic Amines and Opiod Peptides
9.5.4 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
9.5.5 Vertebrate-Type Gonadotropins
9.5.8 Vg-Stimulating Ovarian Hormone
9.5.10 Steroidal Control of Vitellogenesis
9.5.10.2 Vertebrate Steroids
9.6 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ON APPLICATION OF ENDOCRINE RESEARCH TO CRUSTACEAN AQUACULTURE
10 - Yolk Utilization and Embryonic Nutrition
10.2 EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
10.3 BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
10.4 LIPID UTILIZATION IN EMBRYOS AND LARVAE
10.5.1 Breakdown of Lipovitellin
10.5.2 Yolk Utilization in Emerita asiatica
10.7 ENZYME ACTIVITY DURING YOLK PROTEIN DEGRADATION
10.8 CAROTENOID METABOLISM
10.9 EMBRYONIC ECDYSTEROIDS
10.10 VERTEBRATE STEROIDS
11.2 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
11.2.1 Morphology of the Testis
11.3.1 Spermatogenesis in Brachyuran Crabs
11.4.1 Acrosome Formation in the Shrimp Sicyonia ingentis
11.5.1 Decapod Spermatozoa
11.5.2 Reptantian Spermatozoa
11.5.2.1 Ultrastructure of Crab Spermatozoa
11.5.2.3 Lobster Spermatozoa
11.5.3.1 Dendrobranchiate Spermatozoa
11.5.3.2 Caridean Shrimp Sperm
11.6 SPERM MORPHOLOGY IN THALASSINIDEA
11.7 FLAGELLATE SPERMATOZOA OF CIRRIPEDES
11.8 MOTILE SPERMATOZOA OF THE OSTRACOD CYPRIDOPSIS
11.9 NONMOTILE SPERMATOZOA OF ARTEMIA
11.10 SPERM STRUCTURE AND SPERMATOGENESIS IN COPEPODA
11.12 ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF SPERM PRODUCTION
12 - Spermatophore and Sperm Transfer Mechanisms
12.2 SPERMATOPHORE MORPHOLOGY
12.2.1 Spermatophore Morphology and Diversity in Decapods
12.2.1.1 Brachyuran Crabs
12.2.1.1.1 Origin of Spermatophores
12.2.1.1.2 Chemical Composition of Spermatophores and Seminal Plasma
12.2.1.1.3 Sperm Transport in Decapods
12.2.2.1 Morphological Diversity
12.2.2.1.2 Spermatophores of Hippidae
12.2.3.1.1 The Origin of Spermatophores
12.2.3.1.2 Spermatophore Composition and the Mode of Attachment
12.2.3.2 Crayfish Spermatophore
12.2.6.1 Origin of Spermatophore
12.2.6.2 Chemical Composition of Spermatophore
12.2.8 Spermatophores in Other Crustaceans
12.3 FUNCTIONAL ATTRIBUTES AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES
13 - Accessory Reproductive Glands
13.2 FEMALE DUCTAL GLANDS
13.3 OVIDUCTAL GLANDS OF CIRRIPEDES
13.4 NATURE OF OVISAC SECRETION
13.5 DISINTEGRATION OF SAC WALL
13.6.1 Spermatheca of Primitive Brachyurans
13.6.2 Spermatheca of Higher Brachyuran Crabs
13.6.3 Secretory Activity of Spermatheca
13.6.4 Spermatheca in Nonmalacostracans
13.7 SHELL GLANDS IN ANOSTRACA
13.7.1 Egg Shell Formation in Streptocephalus dichotomus
13.9 CEMENT GLANDS OF CRAYFISH
13.9.1 Cement Gland of Stomatopods
13.10 MALE ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS
13.10.1 Male Accessory Glands in Brachyuran Crabs
13.10.2 Male Accessory Gland of Stomatopods
13.11 ACCESSORY GLAND SECRETIONS: A FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION
14.2 RESUMPTION OF MEIOTIC MATURATION
14.3 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MEIOTIC MATURATION
14.4 HORMONAL CONTROL OF MEIOTIC MATURATION
14.5.1.1 Cortical Reaction in Penaeus aztecus
14.5.1.2 Mg2+-Dependent Egg Activation in Sicyonia ingentis
14.5.1.3 Cortical Reaction and Hatching Envelope Formation
14.5.1.4 Cortical Reaction in Crabs
14.5.1.5 Cortical Reaction in Lobster and Crayfish
14.6 ELECTRICAL EVENTS AT EGG ACTIVATION
14.6.1 Electrical Response to Egg Activation in Crab
14.6.2 Electrical Response in Lobster Eggs
14.6.3 Electrical Response in the Prawn P. serratus
14.7.1 Sperm Capacitation
14.7.2.1 Acrosome Reaction in the Marine Shrimp Sicyonia ingentis
14.7.2.2 Acrosome Reaction in the Penaeid Shrimp Penaeus monodon
14.7.2.3 Acrosome Reaction in Homarus americanus
14.7.2.4 Acrosome Reaction in Crabs
14.8 SPERM–EGG INTERACTION AND PRONUCLEAR FUSION
Sexual Biology and Reproduction in Crustaceans
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