Chapter
1.2.2.1 Electric-Field Directed Orientation and Alignment Control
1.2.2.2 Gas Flow-Directed Orientation and Alignment Control
1.2.2.3 Surface-Directed Orientation and Alignment Control
1.2.2.4 Synergetic Effect of Different Directional Modes for Complex Architectures
1.2.3 Length and Density Control
1.2.3.1 Growth Kinetics and Mechanism for Horizontally Aligned SWNTs
1.2.3.2 Length Control of SWNTs
1.2.3.3 Density Control of SWNTs
1.3 SYNTHESIS OF VERTICALLY ALIGNED CARBON NANOTUBE ARRAYS
1.3.1 Wall Number and Diameter Control
1.3.1.1 Catalyst Size Optimization
1.3.1.2 Catalyst Composition Optimization
1.3.2 Areal Density-Controlled Growth of CNTAs
1.3.2.1 Control the Catalyst Loading
1.3.2.2 Tune Catalyst Effectiveness
1.3.3 Alignment Controlled Growth of CNTAs
1.3.3.2 Alignment From Uniform Growth
1.3.4 Length-Controlled Growth of CNTAs
1.3.4.1 Grow Long CNTAs Through Enhancing the Growth Rate
1.3.4.2 Elongate Catalyst Lifetime Using Supergrowth
2 - Structure and Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
2.2 GEOMETRIC STRUCTURE AND SYMMETRY OF SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES
2.3 ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES
2.3.1 Electronic Structure of Nanotubes
2.3.2 Metallicity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
2.4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBES
2.4.1 Derivative Definition of Young's Modulus of Nanotubes
2.4.2 Mechanical Properties in Elastic Deformation Regime
2.4.3 Mechanical Properties in Plastic Deformation Regime
2.4.4 Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
2.4.5 Summary of Mechanical Properties
2.5 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBES
2.5.1 Thermal Transport Behaviors of Carbon Nanotubes
2.5.2 Influencing Factors on Thermal Conductance
3 - Carbon Nanotubes for Defect Monitoring in Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
3.2 UTILIZATION OF CNTS FOR MONITORING STRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN FRPS
3.2.1 Dispersing CNTs into Polymer Matrix
3.2.2 Foam-Like CNTs in Polymer Matrix
3.2.3 CNT Film/Paper in Polymer Matrix
3.2.4 CNT Coating on Fiber Surface
3.2.5 Utilization of CNT Fiber/Yarn
3.2.6 Utilization of CNT for SHM Using Optical Methods
3.3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
4 - Carbon Nanotubes for Displaying
4.1 BRIEF INTRODUCTION ABOUT DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES
4.5 CNT IN OTHER KINDS OF DISPLAY
5 - Carbon Nanotubes for Sensing Applications
5.4 STRAIN AND PRESSURE SENSORS
6 - Stimuli-Responsive Materials From Carbon Nanotubes
6.2 ACTUATORS FROM CARBON NANOTUBES
6.2.1 Electrically Driven Actuators
6.2.1.1 Electrostatically Driven Actuator
6.2.1.2 Electrochemically Driven Actuator
6.2.1.3 Electrothermally Driven Actuator
6.2.1.4 Electromagnetically Driven Actuator
6.2.2 Actuators Driven by Solvent
6.2.3 Actuators Driven by Light
6.3 CHROMIC MATERIALS FROM CNTS
6.3.1 Electrochromatic Material
6.3.2 Electrothermal Chromatic Material
6.3.3 Electrochemical Chromatic Material
7 - Wearable Carbon Nanotube Devices for Sensing
7.2 WEARABLE CNT SENSORS FOR HEALTH CARE
7.3 WEARABLE CNT SENSORS FOR MOTION DETECTION
7.4 WEARABLE CNT SENSORS FOR ENVIRONMENT PROBER
7.5 CHALLENGE AND PERSPECTIVES
8 - Use of Carbon Nanotubes in Third-Generation Solar Cells
8.3 TRANSPARENT CONDUCTING ELECTRODES
8.4 DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS
8.4.1 CNTs-TCFs for DSSCs
8.4.2 Semiconducting Layers
8.4.2.1 Nanostructured TiO2 Materials
8.4.2.2 Semiconducting Layers with CNTs
8.4.3.1 Platinum and Other Catalysts
8.4.4 CNTs in Perovskite Solar Cells
8.5 CNTS IN ORGANOPHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELLS
8.5.1 CNTs as a Hole Extraction Layer in OPVs
8.5.2 CNTs in the Active Layer
8.6 CARBON NANOTUBE/SILICON OR NANOTUBE/SILICON HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS
9 - Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Lithium-Ion Batteries
9.2 MECHANISM OF LITHIUM ION INTERCALATION AND ADSORPTION IN CNTS
9.3 SWCNTS AND MWCNTS AS ANODE FOR LIBS
9.3.1 SWCNTs as Anode for LIBs
9.3.2 MWCNTs as Anode for LIBs
9.4 CNTS WITH DIFFERENT MORPHOLOGIES AS ANODE FOR LIBS
9.4.1 CNTs With Different Diameters as Anode for LIBs
9.4.2 CNTs With Different Lengths for LIB Anode Materials
9.4.3 Doped Carbon Nanotubes as Anode for LIB
9.4.4 Free-Standing CNT “Papers” for LIB Anodes
9.5 CNT-BASED COMPOSITE ELECTRODES
9.6 CNTS AS CONDUCTIVE ADDITIVES
10 - Carbon Nanotubes for Electrochemical Capacitors
10.2 ARCHITECTURE DEPENDENCE OF CNTS FOR CAPACITANCE
10.2.1 CNT Architecture Variety for Electrodes
10.2.2 Electrochemical Performance of CNT-Based Capacitors
10.3 SUPERCAPACITORS BASED ON ALIGNED CNTS
10.3.1 Supercapacitor Electrode Based on Aligned SWCNT
10.3.2 CNT Fiber-Based Electrode for Capacitance
10.3.3 Electrochemical Properties of Aligned CNT Film and Papers
10.3.4 Supercapacitors Utilizing Vertically Aligned CNT Arrays
10.3.5 Current Challenges in CNT Electrodes
10.4 HIGH-PERFORMANCE CNT HYBRIDS FOR CAPACITANCE
10.4.1 CNT–Polymer Composite for Supercapacitors
10.4.1.1 Fiber-Shaped CNT/CP Electrodes
10.4.1.2 CNT/CP Film-Based Electrodes
10.4.1.3 Hybrid Electrodes of CNT/CP Arrays
10.4.2 Electrochemical Performance of CNT/Metal Oxide Hybrids
10.4.2.1 Fiber-Shaped CNT/Metal Oxide Electrodes
10.4.2.2 CNT/Metal Oxide Film-Based Electrodes
10.4.2.3 Hybrid Electrodes of CNT/Metal Oxide Arrays
10.5.1 Current Challenges
11 - Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical Applications
11.2 TOXICITY OF CARBON NANOTUBES
11.3 CARBON NANOTUBES FOR DELIVERY SYSTEMS
11.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Delivery
11.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes for Gene Delivery
11.4 CARBON NANOTUBES FOR THERAPY
11.4.2 Photoacoustic Therapy
11.4.3 Photothermal Therapy
11.4.4 Photodynamic Therapy
11.5 CARBON NANOTUBES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING
11.6 CARBON NANOTUBES FOR BIOSENSING
11.7 CARBON NANOTUBES FOR BIOIMAGING
12 - Carbon Nanotube Fibers for Wearable Devices
12.2 PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBE FIBERS
12.2.1 Wet Spinning CNT Fibers
12.2.2 Direct Spinning of CNT Fiber From CVD Synthesis
12.2.3 Dry Spinning of CNT Fiber From Highly Aligned CNT Array
12.3 CARBON NANOTUBE FIBER FOR WEARABLE ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES
12.3.1 Fiber-Shaped Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on CNT Fiber
12.3.2 Fiber-Shaped Polymer Solar Cells Based on CNT Fiber
12.3.3 Fiber-Shaped Perovskite Solar Cells Based on CNT Fiber
12.3.4 Stretchable Fiber-Shaped Solar Cells Based on CNT Composite Fiber
12.3.5 Wearable Fiber-Shaped Polymer Light-Emitting Diode Based on CNTs
12.4 CARBON NANOTUBE FIBER FOR WEARABLE ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES
12.4.1 Wearable Supercapacitors Based on CNT Fiber
12.4.2 Multifunctional Wearable Supercapacitors Based on CNT Fibers
12.4.3 Wearable Fiber-Shaped Batteries Based on CNT Fiber
12.5 CARBON NANOTUBE FIBER FOR WEARABLE INTEGRATED DEVICE OF ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE
13 - Growth of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes and Their Applications
13.2 IN SITU ALIGNMENT CONTROL
13.2.1 Horizontal CNT Array
13.2.2 Vertical CNT Forest
13.3 SPINNABLE CNT FORESTS
13.3.2 Tuning the Wafer-Based Growth
13.3.3 Mass and Low-Cost Production
13.3.4 Mechanism of Spinnability
13.4 APPLICATIONS OF ALIGNED CNTS
13.4.1 Electronic Transistors
13.4.3 High-Strength Composite Materials
14 - Safety of Carbon Nanotubes
14.2 POTENTIAL EXPOSURE OF CARBON NANOTUBES
14.3 BIODISTRIBUTION OF CARBON NANOTUBES
14.4 TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORTATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES
14.5 BIODEGRADATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES
14.6 TOXIC EFFECTS OF CARBON NANOTUBES
14.6.1 Respiratory System
14.6.2 Cardiovascular System
14.6.4 Gastrointestinal Tract
14.6.6 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
14.7 FACTORS DETERMINING CNT TOXICITY
14.7.2 Aggregate/Agglomerate
14.8 SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVES
15 - Challenge and Opportunities of Carbon Nanotubes
15.1 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF CNTS
15.2 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE APPLICATION OF CNTS
15.3 EXTENDED APPLICATIONS OF CNTS WITH INCORPORATION OF GRAPHENE
15.3.1 Graphene: Structure, Synthesis, and Properties
15.3.1.1 Structure of Graphene
15.3.1.2 Synthesis of Graphene
15.3.1.2.1 Mechanical Exfoliation
15.3.1.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition
15.3.1.2.3 Thermal Decomposition of SiC and Other Substrates
15.3.1.2.4 Oxidation Reduction Graphene From Graphite
15.3.1.2.5 Electrochemical Method
15.3.1.3 Properties of Graphene
15.3.1.3.1 Electrical Properties
15.3.1.3.2 Optical Properties
15.3.1.3.3 Thermal Properties
15.3.1.3.4 Mechanical Properties
15.3.2 Synthesis of CNT/Graphene Hybrids
15.3.2.1 Postgrowth Assembly of CNTs and Graphene
Hybridization by π–π Interactions
Layer-by-Layer Deposition
Electrophoretic Deposition
15.3.2.2 In Situ CVD Growth of CNT/Graphene Hybrid
15.3.2.2.1 Growth of CNTs or Graphene by CVD on the Other Component
15.3.2.2.2 Growth of CNTs and Graphene by CVD
15.3.3 Applications of CNT/Graphene Hybrids
15.3.3.1 Electronic Devices
15.3.3.2 Transparent Conductive Film
15.3.3.3 Energy Conversion and Storage
15.3.3.3.2 Supercapacitors
15.3.3.3.3 Lithium Batteries
15.3.3.4 Sensors and Actuators
15.3.3.7 Adsorption and Desalination
15.3.3.8 Other Applications
Industrial Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
( Micro and Nano Technologies )
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