Cover

Preface

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations

List of Illustrations and Tables

Chapter 1: Introduction

A. Review of Previous Scholarship

B. A New Method for the Study of Deities

C. The Development and Etymology of *ˤAṯtar- and *ˤAṯtart-

Chapter 2: Athtart in Egypt

A. Review of Previous Scholarship

B. The Linguistic Data

C. The Equestrian Forms of Athtar(t)

D. Adaptation of the Equestrian Forms of Athtar(t)

E. Syrian Athtar and the “Magico-Medical” Athtart

F. Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 3: Athtart at Emar

A. The History of Emar

B. The Linguistic Data

C. Evidence for Agricultural Forms of Aštart

D. Evidence for Urban Forms of Aštart

E. The Coexistence of Agricultural and Urban Forms of Aštart

F. Summary and Conclusion

G. Excursus: Other Forms of Aštart at Emar

Chapter 4: Athtart at Ugarit

A. Ritual Transmission and the King

B. Orality and Literacy in the Ugaritic Language

C. Verbal Transmission, Cult Singers, and Scribes

D. Other Forms of Athtart at Ugarit

E. Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 5: Conclusion

A. Further Case Studies

B. Theoretical Expansions

Bibliography

Index of References

Akkadian

Ancient South Arabian

Aramaic

Egyptian

Ge’ez

Greek

Hebrew (Biblical Citations)

Hittite

Moabite

Phoenician

Sumerian

Ugaritic

Index of Modern Authors

Index of Subjects