Preface

Contents

List of contributing authors

1 Radiation measurement

1.1 Physical basis of radiation detection

1.2 Interactions of charged particles with matter

1.3 Radiation detectors

1.4 Active systems for radiation detection

1.5 Passive systems for radiation detection

1.6 Applications of radiation detectors

1.7 Environmental and individual monitoring

1.8 Outlook

1.9 References

1.10 Suggested reading

2 Radiation dosimetry

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Radiation dose concepts

2.3 Examples

2.4 Effective doses from natural and artificial sources

2.5 Outlook

2.6 References

3 Elemental analysis by neutron activation – NAA

3.1 History

3.2 Principle of neutron activation analysis

3.3 Quantitative element determination

3.4 Fission reactors as neutron sources for neutron activation analysis

3.5 Applications of Neutron Activation Analysis

3.6 Outlook

3.7 References

4 Radioisotope mass spectrometry

4.1 Introduction – long-lived radioisotopes, origin and relevance

4.2 Radioisotope mass spectrometry

4.3 Components of radioisotope mass spectrometry

4.4 Individual systems of RMS

4.5 Outlook

4.6 References

5 Nuclear dating

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Environmental radionuclides

5.3 Dating with a single radionuclide

5.4 Accumulation dating with a radioactive parent and a stable daughter

5.5 Accumulation dating with a radioactive parent and a radioactive daughter

5.6 Dating with nuclides emitted during nuclear weapons testing and nuclear accidents

5.7 Fission tracks

5.8 Thermoluminescence dating

5.9 Outlook

5.10 References

6 Chemical speciation of radionuclides in solution

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Absorption spectroscopy (UV-VIS, LPAS)

6.3 X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES)

6.4 Liquid-liquid extraction

6.5 Capillary electrophoresis (CE)

6.6 Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI)

6.7 Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS)

6.8 Infrared (IR) vibration spectroscopy

6.9 Raman spectroscopy

6.10 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

6.11 Fluorescence spectroscopy

6.12 Colloid detection

6.13 Field flow fractionation (FFF)

6.14 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

6.15 Outlook

6.16 References

7 Radiochemical separations

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Precipitation and co-precipitation

7.3 Liquid-liquid extraction

7.4 Solid phase-based ion exchange

7.5 Thin layer chromatography/high performance liquid chromatography

7.6 Electrodeposition/electrophoresis/electromigration

7.7 Volatilization/sublimation/evaporation

7.8 Hot atom chemistry/Szillard–Chalmers-type separations

7.9 Outlook

7.10 References

8 Radioelements: Actinides

8.1 Introduction

8.2 General properties of the actinides

8.3 The elements: Discovery, availability, properties, and usage

8.4 Recommended reading

9 Radioelements: Transactinides

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The concept of the “Island of Stability of Superheavy Elements”

9.3 The discovery of the transactinide elements

9.4 Naming of new elements

9.5 Synthesis and nuclear properties of superheavy elements

9.6 Relativistic effects and the Periodic Table of the Elements

9.7 Methods for experimental chemical studies of transactinide elements

9.8 Chemical properties of the transactinide elements

9.9 Outlook

9.10 References

10 Nuclear energy

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Relevant basic physics

10.3 Evolution of nuclear power reactors

10.4 Main components of a nuclear power reactor

10.5 Common power reactor types

10.6 The fuel cycle

10.7 Radionuclide generation in nuclear reactors

10.8 Some chemical aspects in nuclear reactors

10.9 Research reactors

10.10 Suggested reading

10.11 References

11 Life sciences: Isotope labeling with tritium and carbon-14

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Labeling strategies

11.3 Labeling with tritium

11.4 Labeling with carbon-14

11.5 Outlook

11.6 Further Reading

11.7 References

12 Life sciences: Nuclear medicine diagnosis

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The tracer principle

12.3 Radionuclides for noninvasive molecular imaging

12.4 Molecular imaging: Tomography

12.5 Molecular imaging: Concepts

12.6 Radiopharmaceutical chemistry for molecular imaging

12.7 Radiopharmaceuticals for molecular imaging

12.8 Outlook

12.9 Further reading

13 Life sciences: Therapy

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Historical background

13.3 Classifications

13.4 “Therapeutic” particles and corresponding radionuclides

13.5 LET and ionization

13.6 Selected radiotherapeutics

13.7 Outlook

13.8 References

Symbols and abbreviations

Index