Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Introduction: Millets – The Miracle Grains

Chapter 1 Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Origin and Taxonomy

1.3 Germplasm Resources and Utilisation

1.4 Genetics and Cytogenetics

1.4.1 Cytogenetics

1.5 Reproductive Biology

1.6 Production Constraints

1.7 Breeding Objectives

1.7.1 Grain Sorghum

1.7.2 Forage Sorghum

1.7.3 Sweet Sorghum

1.8 Sorghum Improvement Across Diverse Parts of the World

1.8.1 Sorghums of India

1.8.2 Sub-Saharan Africa

1.8.3 Western and Central Africa (WCA)

1.8.4 Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA)

1.8.5 Latin America

1.8.6 China

1.9 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 2 Pearl Millet, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Origin and Taxonomy

2.2.1 Taxonomy

2.2.2 Origin

2.3 Genetic Resources

2.3.1 Genetic Diversity

2.3.2 Germplasm Utilisation

2.4 Genetics of Important Traits

2.4.1 Quantitative Traits

2.4.2 Qualitative Traits

2.5 Morphology and Reproductive Biology

2.6 Selfing and Crossing

2.7 Breeding Methods

2.8 Cultivar Development

2.8.1 Open Pollinated Varieties

2.8.2 Hybrids

2.9 CMS Systems in Pearl Millet

2.10 Production Constraints

2.10.1 Breeding for Abiotic Stresses

2.10.2 Breeding for Biotic Stress Resistance

2.11 Grain Quality

2.12 Alternate Uses of Pearl Millet

2.13 Future Research Thrust Areas

Chapter 3 Improvement in Finger Millet: Status and Future Prospects

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Area Production and Productivity

3.3 Origin and Domestication

3.4 Botanical Features and Breeding Behaviour

3.4.1 Botanical Classification

3.4.2 Botanical Description

3.4.3 Floral Biology and Breeding Behaviour

3.5 Emasculation and Pollination Techniques

3.5.1 Hand Emasculation

3.5.2 Hot-water Treatment

3.5.3 Gametocide-induced Male Sterility

3.5.4 Use of Genetic Male Sterility

3.6 Genetics of Traits

3.7. Gene Pool of Eleusine coracana

3.7.1 Sub-species Africana

3.7.2 Subspecies Coracana

3.8. Germplasm and Genetic Diversity

3.9. Varietal Improvement in India

3.10 Varietal Development in Africa

3.11 Genetic Improvement for Blast Resistance

3.12 Development of Genetic Male Sterility

3.13 Mutation Breeding

3.14 Strategies to Bridge Research Gaps for Enhancing Productivity and Utilisation of Finger Millet

3.14.1 Germplasm Evaluation

3.14.2 Participatory Selection and Varietal Development

3.14.3 Interspecific Hybridisation and Search for Novel Traits

3.14.4 Development of Early-maturing, Photoperiod-insensitive Varieties for Different Cropping Systems

3.14.5 Genetic Improvement for Drought Tolerance

3.14.6 Stover Yield and Quality Improvement

3.14.7 High-yielding White Finger Millet Varieties

3.14.8 Nutritional Improvement

3.14.9 Breeding for Blast Resistance and Other Pests

References

Chapter 4 Foxtail Millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Origin and Taxonomy

4.3 Germplasm Resources and Utilisation

4.3.1 International Status

4.3.2 National Status

4.3.3 Core Collection

4.4 Genetics and Cytogenetics

4.4.1 Inheritance of Agronomic Traits

4.4.2 Genetic Control of Branching

4.4.3 Genetic Control of Flowering and Inflorescence Branching

4.4.4 Cytogenetic Studies

4.4.5 Molecular Markers and Genetic Maps

4.5 Reproductive Biology

4.5.1 Inflorescence Morphology

4.5.2 Anthesis, Flowering Behaviour and Seed

4.6 Breeding Objectives

4.6.1 Agronomic Traits

4.6.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors

4.7 Breeding Methods

4.7.1 Pure-Line Selection

4.7.2 Recombination Breeding

4.7.3 Heterosis Breeding and Male Sterility

4.7.4 Disease Resistance Breeding

4.8 Breeding Efforts in the United States

4.9 Breeding Efforts in China

4.10 Breeding Efforts in India

4.10.1 Improved Varieties

4.11 New Tools for Genetic Improvement

4.12 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 5 Proso Millet, Panicum miliaceum (L.): Genetic Improvement and Research Needs

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Origin and Taxonomy

5.3 Botany and Reproductive Biology

5.3.1 Roots

5.3.2 Stem/Culm

5.3.3 Leaves

5.3.4 Panicle

5.3.5 Seed

5.4 Growth and Development

5.5 Cytogenetics

5.6 Genetic Resources and Utilisation

5.7 Genetic Improvement of Proso Millet: Achievements and Status

5.7.1 India

5.7.2 United States

5.7.3 Russia

5.7.4 China

5.7.5 Kenya

5.8 Breeding Objectives and Research Strategies

5.8.1 Development and Evaluation of Core Sets for Biotic and Abiotic Stresses as well as Quality Traits

5.8.2 DUS Characterisation of Varieties

5.8.3 Identification of Location and Trait-Specific Germplasm for Utilisation in Crop Improvement

5.8.4 Development of Varieties with Abiotic and Biotic Stress Tolerance/Resistance

5.8.5 Developing Lodging- and Shattering-Resistant Varieties

5.8.6 Development of Varieties with Early Vigour and Short Duration

5.8.7 Identification of Elite Germplasm and Varieties with Superior Nutritional Traits and Bio-Fortification of Existing Elite Lines

5.8.8 Grain Quality Improvement

5.8.9 Protein Content and Quality

5.8.10 Inducing Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility

5.8.11 Wide Hybridisation

5.8.12 Improved Plant Type with High Harvest Index (HI)

5.8.13 Breeding Varieties for Intensive Cultivation and Suitable for Mechanical Harvesting

5.9 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 6 Genetic Improvement in Little Millet

6.1 Introduction

6.2. Floral Biology

6.3 Cytogenetics and Morphological Variation in the Genus

6.4 Improvement in Little Millet

6.4.1 Genetic Variability

6.4.2 Germplasm Variability for Various Economic Traits

6.4.3 Varietal Improvement

6.4.4 Improvement in Grain Smut Resistance

6.4.5 Drought-Tolerance Studies

6.4.6 Nutritional Improvement

6.4.7 Mutational Approaches

6.5 Critical Research Gaps

6.6 Strategies for Genetic Improvement

References

Chapter 7 Barnyard Millet: Present Status and Future Thrust Areas

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Nutritional Composition and Food Value

7.3 Origin and Taxonomy

7.4. Reproductive Biology

7.4.1 Roots

7.4.2 Stem/Culm

7.4.3 Leaves

7.4.4 Panicle

7.4.5 Seed

7.4.6 Floral Biology

7.5 Cytogenetics

7.6 Genetic Resources and Utilisation

7.7 Breeding Objectives

7.7.1 Development and Evaluation of Core Collections

7.7.2 Exploitation of the Wild Relative Gene Pool

7.7.3 Breeding for Waxy Endosperm Genotypes

7.7.4 Breeding for Pests and Diseases

7.7.5 Breeding for Dual-Purpose Genotypes (Grain and Stover)

7.7.6 Breeding for Genotypes Suitable for Mechanical Harvesting and Post-Harvest Processing

7.8 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 8 Kodo Millet, Paspalum scrobiculatum L.

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Origin and Taxonomy

8.2.1 Origin and Distribution

8.2.2 Taxonomy

8.2.3 Chromosome Number

8.3 Germplasm Resources and Utilisation

8.5 Genetics and Cytogenetics

8.5.1 Genetic Studies

8.5.2 Genetic Diversity

8.5.3 Genetic Variability

8.5.4 Correlation Studies

8.5.5 Cytogenetics

8.6 Reproductive Biology

8.6.1 Morphology and Floral Biology

8.6.2 Flowering Behaviour

8.7 Breeding Objectives

8.7.1 Agronomic Traits

8.7.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors

8.8 Breeding Methods

8.8.1 Introduction and Selection

8.8.2 Pure-Line Selection

8.8.3 Recombination Breeding

8.8.4 Mutation Breeding

8.8.5 Improved Varieties

8.9 New Tools for Genetic Improvement

8.10 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 9 Tef, Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Origin and Taxonomy

9.2.1 Origin

9.2.2 Taxonomy

9.3 Genetic Resources and Utilisation

9.3.1 Genetic Resources of Tef

9.3.2 Utilisation of Tef Genetic Resources

9.4 Genetics and Cytogenetics

9.4.1 Genetics of Qualitative Traits

9.4.2 Genetics of Quantitative Traits

9.4.3 Cytogenetics Studies

9.5 Reproductive Biology

9.5.1 Floral Morphology of Tef

9.5.2 Breeding Behaviour

9.6 Constraints in Tef Production

9.6.1 Technical Constraints

9.6.2 Socio-Economic Constraints

9.7 Genetic Improvement of Tef

9.7.1 Historical Milestones

9.7.2 Breeding Objectives

9.7.3 Breeding Methods

9.7.4 Variety Development and Dissemination

9.8 Crop and Pest Management

9.8.1 Land Preparation and Planting

9.8.2 Fertiliser Application

9.8.3 Important Weeds and Their Management

9.8.4 Important Insect Pests and Their Management

9.8.5 Important Diseases and Their Management

9.9 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 10 Insect Pests of Millets and Their Host Plant Relations

10.1 Insect Pests

10.1.1 Sorghum

10.1.2 Pearl Millet

10.1.3 Finger Millet

10.1.4 Foxtail Millet

10.1.5 Kodo Millet

10.1.6 Proso Millet

10.1.7 Little Millet

10.1.8 Barnyard Millet

10.2 Host-Plant Selection by Insect Pests

10.2.1 Host Preferences

10.2.2 Mechanisms of Host Plant Resistance

10.2.3 Antixenosis

10.2.4 Antibiosis

10.2.5 Tolerance

10.2.6 Sources of Insect Resistance

References

Chapter 11 Millet Diseases: Current Status and Their Management

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Sorghum Diseases

11.2.1 Grain mould

11.2.2 Anthracnose

11.2.3 Downy Mildew

11.2.4 Ergot or Sugary Disease

11.2.5 Rust

11.2.6 Leaf Blight

11.2.7 Leaf Spots

11.2.8 Smuts

11.2.9 Charcoal Rot

11.2.10 Viral Diseases

11.3 Pearl Millet Diseases

11.3.1 Downy Mildew

11.3.2 Blast

11.3.3 Ergot

11.3.4 Smut

11.3.5 Rust

11.4 Small Millet Diseases

11.4.1 Blast

11.4.2 Leaf Spots

11.4.3 Smut

11.4.4 Rust

11.4.5 Downy Mildew

11.4.6 Udbatta

References

Chapter 12 Nutritional Qualities & Value Addition of Millets

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Sorghum

12.3 Pearl Millet

12.4 Finger Millet

12.4.1 Essential Amino Acid Composition (mg/g) and Chemical Score of Sorghum and Millet Proteins

12.5 Other Millets

12.6 Health Benefits of Millets

12.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 13 Molecular Markers for the Genetic Improvement of Millets

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Sorghum

13.2.1 Genetic Diversity

13.2.2 Molecular Marker Resources

13.2.3 Genetic Maps

13.2.4 QTL Mapping

13.2.5 Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS)

13.3 Pearl Millet

13.3.1 Genetic Diversity

13.3.2 Molecular Marker Resources

13.3.3 Genetic Maps

13.3.4 QTL Mapping

13.3.5 Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS)

13.4 Finger Millet

13.4.1 Genetic Diversity

13.4.2 Molecular Marker Resources

13.4.3 Genetic Maps, QTL Mapping and Marker‐Assisted Selection (MAS)

13.5 Foxtail Millet

13.5.1 Genetic Diversity

13.5.2 Molecular Marker Resources

13.5.3 Genetic Maps

13.5.4 QTL Mapping

13.6 Other Small Millets

13.6.1 Genetic Diversity

13.6.2 Molecular Marker Resources, Mapping and Marker‐Assisted Selection

13.7 Progress of Molecular Marker Research in Millets

13.8 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 14 Strategies to Build Sustainable Millet Seed Systems

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Factors Leading to Sustainable Seed Security

14.2.1 Overview of Seed Systems

14.2.2 Seed Sources for Informal and Formal Seed Systems

14.2.3 Challenges for Seed Sector in Marginal Environments

14.2.4 Indian Scenario

14.2.5 Barriers to Seed Dissemination and Socio-Economic Constraints

14.3 Developing a Community-Based Millet Seed System

14.3.1 Steps for Strengthening Community Seed Production, Seed Saving and Storage

14.3.2 Seed Production

14.3.3 Seed Certification

14.3.4 Seed Storage

14.3.5 Developing a Community Seed Programme

14.3.6 Steps in Developing a Community Seed-System Module

14.4 The Alternative Integrated Seed-System Model

14.4.1 Step 1

14.4.2 Step 2

14.4.3 Sensitising Stakeholders

14.4.4 Formation of Village Seed Bank Committees

14.4.5 Farmer-Participatory Selection of Varieties

14.4.6 Capacity Building

14.4.7 Institutional Linkages

14.4.8 Funding

14.4.9 Advantages of Village Seed Banks

14.4.10 Constraints of Village Seed Banks

14.5 Need for a Policy Framework to Build a Viable Local Seed System

14.5.1 The Role NARS Has to Play in Strengthening the Community Seed Systems

14.5.2 The Role of the State and the Central Agencies

14.5.3 The Role of Public/Private Partnership in Local Seed Availability

14.5.4 Identification of the Components for Village-Based or Community Seed Production Systems

14.5.5 Strengthening Stakeholders of Community Seed Systems

14.5.6 Interventions Required for Developing Informal Seed Systems

14.6 Conclusion

References

Index

Supplemental images

EULA