Chapter
1.2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Brain Structures
1.4 Sectional Imaging Anatomy
1.4.4 Brainstem and Cerebellum
Olfactory Nerves and Olfactory Bulb (Cranial Nerve I)
Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II)
Oculomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III)
Trochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve IV)
Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve V)
Abducens Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI)
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX)
Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X)
Accessory Nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)
Hypoglossal Nerve (Cranial Nerve XII)
1.5 Variants of Brain Anatomy without Clinical Significance
2.1.2 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
2.1.3 Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy
Other Nonatherosclerotic Vascular Diseases
2.2 Intracerebral Hemorrhage
2.2.2 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
2.2.3 Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology
Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
Developmental Venous Anomaly
2.3 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
2.3.2 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
2.3.3 Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology
2.4 Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
2.4.2 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
2.4.3 Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis
3.2.1 Pilocytic Astrocytoma
3.2.2 Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
3.2.3 Diffuse Astrocytoma
3.2.4 Anaplastic Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma
3.2.6 Gliomatosis Cerebri
3.3 Nonastrocytic Gliomas
3.3.1 Olidodendroglioma and Anaplastic Olidodendroglioma
3.3.2 Oligoastrocytic Tumor
3.3.5 Anaplastic Ependymoma
3.4 Neuroepithelial Tumors
3.4.1 Gangliocytoma and Ganglioglioma
3.4.2 Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma
3.4.3 Central Neurocytoma
3.4.4 Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor
3.4.5 Dysplastic Cerebellar Gangliocytoma (Lhermitte–Duclos Disease)
3.4.6 Hypothalamic/Tuber Cinereum Hamartoma
3.5.2 Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
3.6.2 Nonmeningeal Mesenchymal Tumors
3.6.4 Primary Melanocytic Lesion
3.8 Tumors of the Sellar Region
3.8.3 Dysontogenetic Lesions
Pars Intermedia and Colloid Cysts
3.8.5 Chordoma and Chondroma
3.9.1 Meningeal Metastases
Leptomeningeal Metastases
3.9.2 Parenchymal Metastases
3.10 Miscellaneous Tumors
3.10.1 Primary Cerebral Lymphoma
3.10.2 Choroid Plexus Tumors (Choroid Plexus Papilloma and Carcinoma)
3.10.3 Choroid Plexus Papilloma
3.10.5 Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
3.10.6 Esthesioneuroblastoma
3.11 Nonneoplastic Cysts and Tumorlike Lesions
3.11.2 Neuroepithelial Cyst
4.1 Introduction and Epidemiology
4.2 Classification and Clinical Grading
4.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Head Trauma
4.3.1 Role of MRI in Trauma Diagnosis
4.3.2 Examination Technique
4.3.3 MRI Detection of Intracranial Hemorrhage
4.3.4 Prognostic Value of MRI
4.4 Primary Traumatic Lesions
Chronic Epidural Hematoma
Chronic Subdural Hematoma
4.4.5 Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
4.4.6 Intraventricular Hemorrhage
4.4.7 Cranial Nerve Injuries
4.4.9 Shearing Injuries (Diffuse Axonal Injury)
4.4.10 Intracerebral Hematomas
4.4.11 Traumatic Lesions of the Brainstem and Basal Ganglia
4.4.12 Primary Vascular Lesions
4.5 Secondary Traumatic Lesions
4.5.2 Herniation Syndromes
Descending Transtentorial Herniation
Ascending Transtentorial Herniation
4.5.3 Secondary Brainstem Lesions
4.5.5 Secondary Vascular Lesions
Descending Transtentorial Herniation
Combined Subfalcine and Transtentorial Herniation
4.5.8 Chronic Changes After Head Trauma
5.1 Infectious Diseases of the Meninges
5.2 Infectious Diseases of the Brain Parenchyma
Herpes Simplex Viral Encephalitis
Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis
Epstein–Barr Virus Encephalitis
Varicella Zoster Virus Encephalitis
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Congenital Rubella Encephalitis
HIV Encephalitis and Encephalopathy
Other, Less Common Viral Encephalitides
5.2.2 Bacterial Infections
Pyogenic Cerebritis and Bacterial Brain Abscess
5.2.3 Parasitic Brain Diseases
5.2.6 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease)
5.3 Special Aspects of Postnatal (Congenital) Infections
5.3.1 Infectious Meningitis
Infants and Small Children
5.3.2 Tuberculous Meningitis
5.3.4 Encephalitis in Children
5.3.5 Less Common Pediatric Encephalitides
5.3.6 Fungal Diseases in Children
6 Multiple Sclerosis and Related Diseases
6.3 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
6.3.3 Treatment and Response
6.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
6.5.1 Examination Technique
Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Primary Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases with Secondary Demyelination or Destruction of White Matter
6.6 Differential Diagnosis
7.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Metabolic Brain Disorders
7.2.1 Diffusion-WeightedMRI
7.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
7.3 Normal Myelination in Children
7.4 Metabolic Disorders Primarily Affecting the White Matter
7.4.1 Leukodystrophies Primarily Affecting the DeepWhite Matter
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Krabbe's Disease (Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy)
Merosin-Deficient Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Homocystinuria (Hyperhomocysteinemia)
7.4.2 Leukodystrophies Primarily Affecting the White Matter
Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with Subcortical Cysts (Van der Knaap's Disease)
Vanishing White Matter Disease (Leukoencephalopathy with Vanishing White Matter)
7.4.3 Hypomyelination Syndromes
Pelizaeus–Merzbacher Disease
Hypomyelination with Atrophy of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
Hypomyelination with Congenital Cataract
Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy with Hypodontia and Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
7.5 Metabolic Disorders Primarily Affecting the Gray Matter
7.5.1 Huntington's Disease (Huntington's Chorea)
7.5.2 Sydenham's Chorea (Chorea Minor)
7.5.3 Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation
Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration
Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy
7.5.4 Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
7.5.5 Creatine Metabolism Disorders
7.5.6 Aicardi–Goutieres Syndrome
7.5.7 Niemann–Pick Disease
7.6 Metabolic Diseases of the White and Gray Matter
7.6.2 Mitochondrial Encephalomyelopathy with Lactic Acidosis and Stroke (MELAS)
7.6.3 Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF)
7.6.6 Kearns–Sayre Syndrome
7.6.7 Zellweger's Syndrome
7.6.8 GM1 and GM2 Gangliosidosis
8.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
8.3 Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Central Motor System
8.3.1 Wallerian Degeneration
8.3.2 Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration
8.3.3 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
8.3.4 Huntington's Disease
8.3.5 Fahr's Disease (Calcification of the Basal Ganglia)
8.3.6 Friedreich's Ataxia
8.4 Parkinson's Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes
8.4.1 Parkinson's Disease
8.4.2 Multiple System Atrophy
8.4.3 Corticobasal Degeneration
8.4.4 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
8.5 Neurodegenerative Forms of Dementia
8.5.1 Alzheimer's Disease
8.5.3 Frontotemporal Dementia
9 Malformations and Developmental Abnormalities
9.2 Abnormalities of Cortical Development
9.2.1 Group I Malformations
Microcephaly and Microcephaly with a Simplified Gyral Pattern
Megalencephalies (Group I.B) and Hemimegalencephalies
Focal Cortical Dysplasias Type II (Group I.C)
9.2.2 Group II Malformations
Periventricular (Subependymal) Heterotopias (Group II.A) and Focal Subcortical Heterotopias (Group II.C)
Lissencephalies (Group II.B)
Cobblestone Malformations (Group II.D)
9.2.3 Group III Disorders
Polymicrogyria and Schizencephaly (Group III.A) and Polymicrogyria without Schizencephaly (Group III.B)
Focal Cortical Dysplasia Types I and III (Group III.C)
9.3 Malformations of the Corpus Callosum and Commissures
9.3.1 Malformations and Syndromes Associated with Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
9.3.2 Intracranial Lipomas with Corpus CallosumAgenesis
9.3.3 Interhemispheric Cysts with Corpus CallosumAgenesis
9.4.1 Alobar Holoprosencephaly
9.4.2 Semilobar Holoprosencephaly
9.4.3 Lobar Holoprosencephaly
9.4.4 Septo-optic Dysplasia
9.5.1 Occipital Encephaloceles
9.5.2 Frontoethmoidal Encephaloceles
9.5.3 Nasopharyngeal Encephaloceles
9.5.4 Atretic Cephaloceles
9.6.1 Chiari Malformation Type I
9.6.2 Chiari Malformation Type II
9.7 Dandy–Walker Malformation
9.7.1 Classic Dandy–Walker Malformation
9.7.2 Hypoplastic Vermis with Rotation
9.7.4 Mega Cisterna Magna
9.8 Hypogenesis, Atrophy, and Dysplasia of the Cerebellum
9.9 Rhombencephalosynapsis
9.10 Lhermitte–Duclos Syndrome
9.11 Joubert's Syndrome and Molar Tooth Malformations
9.12 Neurocutaneous Syndromes
9.12.1 Tuberous Sclerosis
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (von Recklinghausen's Disease)
9.12.3 Sturge–Weber Disease
9.12.4 Von Hippel–Lindau Disease
10 Hydrocephalus and Intracranial Hypotension
10.1 Brief Historical Review
10.2 Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology
10.2.1 Functions of the CSF
10.2.2 Anatomy of the CSF Spaces
10.2.3 Production and Transport of CSF
10.2.4 CSF Equilibrium and Hydrocephalus
10.2.5 CSF and Intracranial Hypotension
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Hypersecretory Hydrocephalus
Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Malresorptive Hydrocephalus
Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus
11.1 Examination Technique
11.1.1 Imaging Planes in MRI
MRI Signal Characteristics of the Vertebral Bodies
11.2.2 Intervertebral Disks
11.2.4 Normal Variants and Malformations
11.3 Spinal Meninges and Intraspinal Compartments
11.3.3 Subarachnoid Space
11.4 Spinal CSF Circulation
11.4.1 Subarachnoid Space
11.5 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
11.5.3 Internal Structure of the Spinal Cord
11.6 Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord
12 Degenerative Spinal and Foraminal Stenoses
12.2.1 Lumbar Disk Herniations
12.2.2 Thoracic Disk Herniations
12.2.3 Cervical Disk Herniations
12.2.4 Postoperative Findings and Complications
Recurrent Disk Herniation and Epidural Scarring
Postoperative Pseudomeningocele
Postoperative Metal Artifacts in MRI
13.2 Examination Technique
13.3 Spinal Ligament Injuries
13.3.1 Injuries of the Craniocervical Junction and Upper Cervical Spine
Atlanto-Occipital Dislocation and Subluxation
Fractures of the Atlas and Axis
Neural Arch Fractures of the Axis
Dissection of Arteries Supplying the Brain
13.3.2 Injuries of the Lower Cervical Spine, Thoracic Spine, and Lumbar Spine
Classification and Stability of Fractures
Determining the Level of a Fracture
Age and Etiology of a Fracture
13.3.3 Postoperative Examinations and Follow-Ups
13.4 Spinal Cord Injuries
13.4.1 Acute Spinal Cord Injuries
Narrowing of the Spinal Canal
Posttraumatic Spinal Hemorrhage
Stabbing and Gunshot Injuries
13.4.2 Chronic Posttraumatic Spinal Cord Changes
Syringohydromyelia and Cysts
Transection, Atrophy, Malacia, and Tethering of the Spinal Cord
13.4.3 Nerve Root Injuries
14 Tumors and Tumorlike Masses
Osteochondroma and Cartilaginous Exostosis
Extradural Arachnoid Cyst
Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytoma
Paraspinal Tumors with Extension into the Spinal Canal
14.3 Intradural Extramedullary Space
14.3.1 Nerve Sheath Tumor
14.3.5 Cavernoma and Capillary Hemangioma
14.3.6 Metastases and Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis
Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis
14.4 Intramedullary Space
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Atypical Teratoid and Rhabdoid Tumors
14.5 Management of Intradural Masses
14.6 Mimics of Spinal Tumors
14.6.1 Intraosseous Disk Herniation
14.6.3 CSF Pulsation Artifact
15.1 Spinal Arterial Ischemia
15.2.1 Epidural Spinal Hemorrhage
15.2.2 Subdural (Epiarachnoid) Spinal Hemorrhage
15.2.3 Subarachnoid Spinal Hemorrhage
15.2.4 Intramedullary Hemorrhage
15.2.5 Superficial Siderosis of the Central Nervous System
15.3 Cavernous Hemangioma (Cavernoma)
15.4 Spinal Vascular Malformations with Arteriovenous Shunting
15.4.1 Type 1: Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula
15.4.2 Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations Types 2 to 4
16 Inflammations, Infections, and Related Diseases
16.2 Intramedullary Space
16.2.1 Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic's Syndrome)
16.2.2 Acute Transverse Myelitis
16.2.3 Radiation Myelopathy
16.2.4 Important Differential Diagnoses
Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula
Funicular Myelosis (Vitamin B12 Deficiency)
16.3 Intradural Extramedullary Space
16.3.2 Guillain–Barré Syndrome
16.4.1 Spondylitis, Spondylodiskitis, Spondyloarthritis
17 Malformations and Developmental Abnormalities
17.2.2 Primary Neurulation
17.2.3 Secondary Neurulation and Retrogressive Differentiation
17.4 Open Spinal Dysraphisms
17.4.1 Myeloceles and Myelomeningoceles
17.4.2 Hemimyeloceles and Hemimyelomeningoceles
17.4.3 Postoperative Complications
17.5 Closed Spinal Dysraphisms
17.5.1 Closed Spinal Dysraphisms with Subcutaneous Swelling
Lipomyeloceles and Lipomyelomeningoceles
17.5.2 Closed Spinal Dysraphisms with Cutaneous Stigmata
17.5.3 Closed Spinal Dysraphisms without Cutaneous Stigmata
Simple Vertebral Arch Defects
Segmentation Disorders of the Spinal Column
Lipomas of the Filum Terminale
Caudal Regression Syndrome
Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis
Anterior Sacral Meningocele
Part III Peripheral Nervous System
18 Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System
18.2 Basic Technical Principles of Magnetic Resonance Neurography
18.3 Pathologic Conditions
18.3.1 Traumatic Neuropathies
18.3.2 Nerve Compression Syndromes
18.3.3 Inflammatory Neuropathies
18.3.4 Neoplasms of Peripheral Nerves
18.4 MRI of the Muscles in Neurogenic Muscle Diseases
MR Neuroimaging
：Brain, Spine, and Peripheral Nerves
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