Chapter
Chapter 2 Stimulation of Various Phenolics in Plants Under Ambient UV-B Radiation
2.3.1 Chemistry of Phenolic Compounds
2.3.2 Biosynthesis and Subcellular Localization of Phenolics
2.3.3 Functions of Phenolic Compounds Depend on Their Localization
2.4 UV-B Radiation Stimulates Phenolic Induction
2.4.1 Mechanisms of UV-B Perception
2.4.2 UV-B-Induced Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds
2.4.3 Interactive Effects of UV-B with UV-A Radiation and PAR on Phenolics Accumulation
2.4.4 Interactive Effects of UV-B Radiation with other Environmental Factors on Phenolics Accumulation
2.5 UV-B-Induced Photomorphological Responses
2.5.1 Connection Between UV-B-Induced Morphological Responses and Phenolics
2.5.2 Effect of UV-B Radiation on Root Morphology in Relation to Phenolics
2.6 Photosynthesis Under UV-B Radiation
2.6.1 Interplay of Phenolics and Photosynthesis Under UV-B Radiation
2.7 UV-B Radiation Induces Phenolics Accumulation in Fruits
2.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Chapter 3 UV-B Radiation: A Reassessment of its Impact on Plants and Crops
3.3 Plant Protection Against UV-B
Chapter 4 Interaction of UV-B with the Terrestrial Ecosystem
4.2 Growth and Development
4.3 Secondary Metabolites
4.4 Susceptibility to Herbivorous Insects
4.5 Plant Sexual Reproduction
Chapter 5 A Review on Responses of Plants to UV-B Radiation Related Stress
5.2 Morphological and Yield Response to UV-B
5.3 Targets of UV-B in the Carbon Fixation Cycle
5.4 Photoreceptors and Signalling Pathway in Response to UV-B Radiation
5.5 Acclimatization and Protection in Response to UV-B
5.6 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Response to UV-B
5.7 DNA Damage and Repair Mechanism
5.8 Exclusion of UV Components: Experimental Approach to Study the Effect on Plants
5.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Chapter 6 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Defence System in Plants in Response to UV-B Stress
6.2 Plant Protection Against UV Radiation
6.4 UV-B and Antioxidant Enzymes
6.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Chapter 7 Major influence on phytochrome and photosynthetic machinery under UV-B exposure
7.2 Photomorphogenesis in Higher Plants
7.2.1 Phytochrome system and its interaction with UV-B
7.2.2 Photomorphogenic responses of UV-B
7.2.3 UV-B signal transduction (UVR8)
7.3 Effect of UV-B Exposure on Photosynthetic Machinery
7.3.1 Direct effects of UV- B on photosynthetic machinery
7.3.1.1 Effects of UV-B stress on components involved in light reaction
7.3.1.2 Effect of UV-B stress on photosystems and cytochrome b6/f complex
7.3.2 Indirect effect of UV-B stress on components involved in dark reaction
7.3.2.1 Impact on regulation of stomata and Rubisco enzyme
7.3.3 UV-B induced ROS production in plants
7.3.4 Protective adaptation
7.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Chapter 8 UV-B Radiation-Induced Damage of Photosynthetic Apparatus of Green Leaves: Protective Strategies vis-a-vis Visible and/or UV-A Light
8.2 UV-B Effects on the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Leaves
8.3 UV-A Effects on Photosynthetic Apparatus of Leaves (Damage and Promotion)
8.4 UV-A-Mediated Modulation of UV-B-Induced Damage
8.5 PAR-Mediated Balancing of UV-B-Induced Damage
8.6 Photosynthetic Adaptation and Acclimation to UV-B Radiation
8.7 Corroboration with Sensible Approach
Chapter 9 Ultraviolet Radiation Targets in the Cellular System:: Current Status and Future Directions
9.2 Absorption Characteristics of Biomolecules
9.4.1 Interaction with Nucleic acids
9.4.1.1 Deoxyribonucleic Acids
9.4.1.2 Ribonucleic Acids
9.4.2.3 Phenylalanine (Phe)
9.5 The Photosynthetic Machinery
9.5.1 Photosystem I and II
9.5.2 The Light-Harvesting Complexes
9.6 Cell Division and Expansion
9.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Chapter 10 Silicon: A Potential Element to Combat Adverse Impact of UV-B in plants
10.2 The role of Silicon Against UV-B Exposure on Morphology of Plants
10.3 The defensive role of silicon against UV-B exposure on physiological and biochemical traits of plants
10.4 Silicon repairs anatomical structures of plants damaged by UV-B exposures
10.5 UV-B-induced oxidative stress and silicon supplementation in plants
10.6 Silicon supplementation and the status of antioxidant enzymes in plants exposed to UV-B
10.7 Silicon and level of phenolic compounds under UV-B stress
10.8 Conclusion and future Perspectives
Chapter 11 Sun-Screening Biomolecules in Microalgae: Role in UV-Photoprotection
11.2 Global Climate Change and UV Radiation
11.3 Effects of UV Radiation on Microalgae
11.4 UV-induced Defence Mechanisms
11.5 Sun-Screening Biomolecules as Key UV Photoprotectants
11.5.1 Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs)
11.6 UV-Induced Biosynthesis
11.7 Photoprotective Function
Chapter 12 Plant Response: UV-B Avoidance Mechanisms
12.2 Ultraviolet Radiation: Common Source, Classification and Factors
12.2.1 Common Sources of UVR
12.2.3 Environmental Factors Affecting UV Level
12.3 UV-B and Human Health
12.3.1 Effects on the Skin
12.3.2 Effects on the Eyes
12.4 UV-B and Plant Responses
12.4.1 Morphological Responses
12.4.1.1 Visible Symptoms
12.4.1.2 Plant Growth and Leaf Phenology
12.4.1.3 Reproductive Morphology
12.4.1.4 UV-B-induced photomorphogenesis
12.4.2 Leaf Ultrastructure and Anatomy
12.4.4.2 Photosynthetic Machinery
12.4.5 Biochemical Responses
12.4.5.1 ROS Production in Plants
12.4.5.2 Free Radical Scavenging Mechanism
12.4.6 Molecular Responses
12.4.6.1.1 Genes Damaged by UV Radiation
12.5 UV-B Avoidance and Defence Mechanism
12.5.1 Avoidance at Morphological Level
12.5.1.1 Epicuticular Waxes
12.5.2 Avoidance at Biochemical Level
12.5.2.1 Possible Role of Pectin Endocytosis in UV-B Avoidance
12.5.3 Avoidance at the Molecular Level
12.5.3.2 Genes and Avoidance
12.5.3.3 UV-B Perceived by UVR8 Strongly Inhibits Shade Avoidance
12.5.4 UV-B and Secondary Metabolites
12.6 UV-B and its Significance
12.6.1 Ecological Significance
12.6.2 UV-B and Plant Competition
12.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Chapter 13 Impact of UV-B Exposure on Phytochrome and Photosynthetic Machinery: From Cyanobacteria to Plants
13.2 Effect of UV-B Irradiation on Photosynthetic Machinery of Cyanobacteria
13.2.2 Photosynthetic Electron Transport System
13.2.3 Photophosphorylation and CO2 fixation
13.3 Effect of UV-B Irradiation on Photosynthetic Machinery of Algae
13.4 Effect of UV-B Irradiation on Photosynthetic Machinery of Higher Plants
13.4.1.2 Chlorophylls, carotenoids and other pigments
13.4.2.1 Oxygen-evolving complex
13.4.2.2 Plastoquinones and redox-active tyrosines
13.4.2.3 D1 and D2 proteins
13.4.4 Cytochrome b6/f complex, ATP synthase and Rubisco
13.4.5 Net photosynthesis
13.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 14 Discovery of UVR8: New Insight in UV-B Research
14.2 Photoperception in Plants
14.3 Discovery of UVR8: UV-B Photoreceptor
14.4.1 Salt Bridge Interactions Mediate UVR8 Dimerization
14.4.2 Chromophore and Key Tryptophan Residues
14.5 Physiological Roles of UVR8
14.5.1 Photomorphogenic Response Regulation by UVR8
14.5.2 Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis
14.5.3 Plant-Pathogen and Plant-Herbivore Interactions
14.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Chapter 15 UVR8 Signalling, Mechanism and Integration with other Pathways
15.2 UVR8-Arbitrated Signalling
15.2.1 Constitutively Photomorphogenic 1 (COP1)
15.2.2 Elongated Hypocotyl 5 (HY5) and HYH
15.2.3 Repressor of UV-B Photomorphogenesis 1 (RUP1)
15.3 Molecular Mechanism of Photoreceptor‐Mediated Signalling
15.4 UVR8 Involvements in Different Pathways
15.4.1 Protection from Photo‐Inhibition and Photo Oxidative Stress
15.4.2 Flavonoid and Alkaloid Pathways
15.4.4 Defence Against Pathogens
15.4.5 Inhibition of Plant Shade Avoidance
15.4.6 Regulation of Leaf Morphogenesis
15.4.7 Regulation of Root Growth and Development
15.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
UV-B Radiation
：From Environmental Stressor to Regulator of Plant Growth
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