Chapter
1.2.3 Molecular Imprinting Technique
1.3 Interactions of Chitosan-Based MIP Sorbents with Pollutants (Organic & Inorganic)
1.3.1.3 Semicovalent Interaction
1.3.2 Inorganic Molecule (Metal Ions)
1.3.2.1 Chelation (Coordinate Covalent Bond)
1.3.2.2 Ion Exchange/Electrostatic Attraction
1.4 Applications of Chitosan
1.4.1 Applications of Metal-Loaded Chitosan
1.4.1.1 Sorption of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants
1.4.1.2 Catalytic Applications
1.4.2 Other Applications of Chitosan
2 Oil Spill Cleanup by Textiles
2.2 Causes of Oil Spilling
2.3 Problems Faced Due to Oil Spilling
2.4 Oil Sorption Phenomenon
2.4.1 Absorption and Adsorption
2.5.1 Sorbents for Removing Spilled Oil
2.5.2 Textile Fibers for Removal of Oil Spills
2.5.2.7 Sheep Fleece Fibers
2.6 Recent Developments for Effective Water Cleaning
2.6.1 Porous Boron Nitride Nanosheets
2.6.2 Carbon Nanofiber Aerogels
2.7 Test Methods for Evaluation of Oil Sorbents
2.7.1 Test Method for Oil Sorption Capacity
2.7.2 Test Method for Oil Sorption Rate
2.7.3 Test Method for Oil Retention
2.7.4 Test Method for Reusability of Sorbents
2.7.5 Test Method for Water Uptake and Buoyancy of Sorbents
2.7.6 Test Method for Buoyancy of Sorbents
3 Pyridine and Bipyridine End-Functionalized Polylactide: Synthesis and Catalytic Applications
3.2 Macroligand Synthesis
3.3 Macroligand Coordination to Palladium
3.4 Pd-Nanoparticles Supported onto End-Functionalized Stereocomplexes
3.5 Catalytic Applications
4 Functional Separation Membranes from Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives
4.1.1 Characteristics of Chitin and Chitosan
4.1.2 Membrane Formation Characteristics of Chitin, Chitosan, and Their Derivatives
4.2 Preparation of Separation Membrane from Chitin, Chitosan, and Their Derivatives
4.2.1 Membrane Preparation Method
4.2.2 Membrane Structures
4.3 Functional Separation Membranes from Chitin, Chitosan, and Their Derivatives
4.3.1.1 Principle of Dialysis
4.3.1.2 Technology in Dialysis
4.3.2 Reverse Osmosis Membranes
4.3.2.1 Principle of Reverse Osmosis
4.3.2.2 Technology in Reverse Osmosis
4.3.3 Nanofiltration Membranes
4.3.3.1 Principle of Nanofiltration
4.3.3.2 Technology in Nanofiltration
4.3.4 Ultrafiltration Membranes
4.3.4.1 Principle of Ultrafiltration
4.3.4.2 Technology in Ultrafiltration
4.3.5 Microfiltration Membrane
4.3.5.1 Principle of Microfiltration
4.3.5.2 Technology in Microfiltration
4.3.6 Pervaporation Membrane
4.3.6.1 Principle of Pervaporation
4.3.6.2 Technology in Pervaporation
4.3.7.1 Principle of Evapomeation
4.3.8 Temperature Difference-Controlled Evapomeation
4.3.8.1 Principle of Temperature Difference-Controlled Evapomeation
4.3.8.2 Technology in Temperature Difference-Controlled Evapomeation
4.3.9 High-Temperature and High-Pressure Evapomeation
4.3.9.1 Principle of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Evapomeation
4.3.9.2 Technology in High-Temperature and High-Pressure Evapomeation
4.3.10.1 Principle of Carrier Transport
4.3.11 Catalytic Membranes
4.3.11.1 Principle of Catalytic Membrane
4.3.12 Gas Permeation Membranes
4.3.12.1 Principle of Gas Permeation
4.3.13.1 Principle of Fuel Cell
4.3.13.2 Technology in Fuel Cell
5 Acrylated Epoxidized Flaxseed Oil Bio-Resin and Its Biocomposites
5.2.2 Acrylated Epoxidized Flaxseed Oil Bio-Resin Synthesis
5.2.3 Chemical Treatment of Flax Fiber
5.2.4 AEFO Bio-Resin-Based Biocomposite Samples Preparation
5.2.5 PLA-, PP-, and HDPE-Based Biocomposite Samples Preparation
5.2.6 Characterization of AEFO Bio-Resin and Its Biocomposites
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 Physical Properties
5.3.3 Mechanical Properties
6 Encapsulation of Inorganic Renewable Nanofiller
6.2 Synthesis of Polymer-Encapsulated Silica Nanoparticles
6.2.1 Surface Modification of Silica Nanoparticles and Characterization
6.2.2 Introduction of Differential Microemulsion Polymerization
6.2.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer-Encapsulated Inorganic Nanoparticles via In Situ Differential Microemulsion Polymerization
6.2.4 Reinforcing Applications
7 Chitosan Coating on Textile Fibers for Functional Properties
7.1.1 Chitosan Cross-Linking and Grafting
7.1.2 Biological Activity of Chitosan
7.1.3 Chitosan Application in the Textile Field
7.2 Antimicrobial Coating of Textiles by Chitosan UV Curing
7.2.1 UV Curing of Chitosan on Textiles: Process Conditions and Results
7.2.2 Characterization of the Chitosan-Treated Fabrics
7.2.3 Sustainable Process of Antimicrobial Finishing of Cotton Fabrics at Semi-Industrial Level
7.2.4 Chitosan-Coated Cotton Gauze by UV Grafting as Antimicrobial Water Filter
7.2.5 Multifunctional Finishing of Wool Fabrics by Chitosan UV Grafting
7.3 Chitosan Coating of Wool for Antifelting Properties
7.4 Chitosan Coating on Textile Fibers to Increasing Uptake of Ionic Dyes in Dyeing
7.5 Chitosan Coating on Cotton Filter for Removal of Dyes and Metal Ions from Wastewaters
7.5.1 Chitosan-Coated Cotton Gauze by UV Grafting as Water Filter for the Removal of Dyes
7.5.2 Chitosan-Coated Cotton Gauze by UV Grafting as Water Filter for the Removal of Metal Ions
8 Surface Functionalization of Cellulose Whiskers for Nonpolar Composites Applications
8.1.1 Cellulose: Structure and Properties
8.1.2 Cellulose from Natural Fibers
8.1.4 Surface Functionalization of Cellulose Whiskers
8.1.5 Cellulose-Reinforced Nanocomposites
8.2.2 Extraction of Cellulose Whiskers from Cotton Fibers
8.2.3 Surface Functionalization of Cellulose Whiskers
8.2.4 Processing of Nanocomposites Materials
8.2.5.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
8.2.5.2 Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopy
8.2.5.3 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)
8.2.5.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
8.2.5.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
8.2.5.6 Zeta-Potential Analysis
8.2.5.7 X-Ray Diffraction
8.2.5.8 Thermogravimetric Analysis
8.2.5.9 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.3.2 CW/LDPE and CWMA/LDPE Nanocomposites
9 Impact of Chemical Treatment and the Manufacturing Process on Mechanical, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of Natural Fibers-Based Composites
9.2 Physicochemical Characteristics of Natural Fibers
9.4 Natural Fibers Treatments
9.5 Composites Manufacturing
9.6 Composites Properties
10 Biopolymers Modification and Their Utilization in Biomimetic Composites for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering
10.2 Failure, Defect, and Design: Role of Composites
10.3 Cell-ECM Composite Hierarchy in Bone-Cartilage Interface
10.4 Polymers for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering
10.5 Polymer Modification for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering
10.5.2 Synthetically Modified Polymers
10.5.3 Polymer Cross-Linking
10.5.3.1 Chemical Cross-Linking
10.5.3.2 Physical Cross-Linking
10.5.3.3 Injectable Hydrogels
10.5.4 Interpenetrating Networks (IPN)
10.5.5.1 Nanoparticle Matrix Composites
10.5.5.2 Nanofiber Matrix Composites
10.5.5.3 Surface-Modified Nanofillers Matrix Composites
10.5.6 Organic–Inorganic (O/I) Hybrids
10.5.6.1 Class I O/I Hybrids with Weak Interaction (van der Waals and H-bonds)
10.5.6.2 Class II O/I Hybrids with Strong Interaction (Covalent Bonds)
10.6 Composite Scaffolds for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering
10.6.1 Structural Composites
10.6.1.1 Single-Layer Scaffolds
10.6.1.2 Stratified Scaffolds
10.6.2 Functional Biomimetic Composites
10.6.2.1 Chemical Gradients
10.6.2.2 Physical Gradients
10.7 Osteochondral Composite Scaffolds: Clinical Status
10.8 Current Challenges and Future Direction
11 Fibers from Natural Resources
11.2 Materials and Methods
11.3 Fiber Characteristics
11.3.1 Overview of Fibers
11.3.1.1 Natural Plant Fibers
11.3.1.3 Regenerated Fibers: Cellulosic Type
11.3.1.4 Regenerated Fibers: Protein Type
11.3.2.1 Infrared Spectroscopy Data
11.3.2.2 Microscopic Shape and Topography of Fibers
11.3.2.3 EDS Measurements and Surface Composition
12 Strategies to Improve the Functionality of Starch-Based Films
12.2 Starch: Sources and Main Uses
12.2.2 Starch Films: Development and Physical Properties
12.3 Strategies to Improve the Functionality of Biopolymer-Based Films
12.3.1 Blends of Starch with Different Biopolymers
12.3.1.1 Poly(vinyl alcohol)
12.3.1.2 Other Biopolymers
12.3.1.3 Reinforcement Materials: Fibers and Nanoreinforcements
12.4 Bioactive Compounds with Antimicrobial Activity
12.4.1 Substances from Mineral Sources
12.4.2 Substances from Plant Extracts
13 The Effect of Gamma Radiation on Biodegradability of Natural Fiber/PP-HMSPP Foams: A Study of Thermal Stability and Biodegradability
13.2 Materials and Methods
13.2.1.2 HMSPP (High-Melt-Strength Polypropylene)
13.2.1.3 Sugarcane Bagasse
13.2.2 Mixtures Preparation
13.2.2.1 PP/HMSPP 50% (PP/HMSPP)
13.2.2.3 Gamma-Radiation Treatment
13.2.3.1 TGAs—Thermogravimetric Analyses
13.2.3.2 Laboratory Soil Burial Test
13.2.3.3 Infrared Spectroscopy
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.3.1 TGA—Thermogravimetric Analyses
13.3.2 Laboratory Soil Burial Test
13.3.3 Infrared Spectrum Analyses
14 Surface Functionalization Through Vapor-Phase Assisted Surface Polymerization (VASP) on Natural Materials from Agricultural By-Products
14.2 Surface Modification by Steam Treatment
14.3 Surface Modification by Compatibilizer
14.4 Vapor-Phase-Assisted Surface Polymerization
14.5 Vapor-Phase-Assisted Surface Modification of Biomass Fillers
14.6 Vapor-Phase Chemical Modification of Biomass Fillers
14.7 Green Composites Through VASP Process
14.8 Conclusions and Outlook
15 Okra Bast Fiber as Potential Reinforcement Element of Biocomposites: Can It Be the Flax of the Future?
15.2 Cultivation and Harvesting of Okra Plant
15.3 Extraction of Bast Fibers from Okra Plant
15.4 Composition, Morphology, and Properties of Okra Bast Fiber
15.4.1 Chemical Composition of Okra Bast Fiber
15.4.2 Morphology of Okra Bast Fiber
15.4.3 Performance Characteristics of Okra Bast Fiber
15.4.3.1 Mechanical Properties
15.4.3.2 Moisture Absorption
15.4.3.3 Thermal Durability
15.5 Modification Methods of Okra Bast fiber
15.5.5 Permanganate Treatment
15.5.6 Graft Copolymerization
15.6 Potential Application Areas of Okra Bast Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites
15.7 Conclusions and Future Work
16 Silane Coupling Agents Used in Natural Fiber/Plastic Composites
16.2 Hydrolysis of Silanes
16.2.2 Hydrolysis Processes of Silanes
16.3 Interaction with Natural Fibers
16.4 Interaction with Plastics
16.4.1 Coupling via Physical Compatibility
16.4.2 Coupling via Chemical Reaction
17 Composites of Olefin Polymer/Natural Fibers: The Surface Modifications on Natural Fibers
17.1.1 Natural and Synthetic Fibers
17.5 Acetylation Process: Way to Insert Fibers on Hydrophilic Polymers
17.5.2 The Origin of Problem
17.6 Acetylation Treatment
17.7 Catalyst for Acetylation Process
17.7 Methods for Determination Acetylation
17.7.1 Degree of Substitution
17.8 Weight Percentage Gain
17.9 Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy
17.10 Chemical Modification of Fiber through the Reaction with Polymer-Modified Olefin
17.12 Maximum Stress in Tension
17.13 Elongation at Break
18 Surface Functionalization of Biomaterials
18.2.1 Rigidity and Deformability
18.2.2 Material Surface Roughness
18.2.4 Cell Adhesion, Proliferation, and Differentiation
18.3 Surface Modification Technologies
18.3.1 Surface Roughening and Patterning
18.3.2 Surface Films and Coatings
18.3.3 Chemical Modification of the Surface for Biomolecules and Pharmaceuticals Delivery
18.4 Surface Functionalization of Metallic Biomaterials: Selected Examples
18.5 Surface Functionalization of Polymeric Biomaterials: Selected Examples
18.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
19 Thermal and Mechanical Behaviors of Biorenewable Fibers-Based Polymer Composites
19.2 Classification of Natural Fibers
19.3 Structure of Biofiber
19.4 Surface Treatment of Natural Fibers
19.5 Hemp Fiber Composites
19.6 Bamboo Fiber Composites
19.7 Banana Fiber Composites
19.8 Kenaf Fiber Composites
19.9 Coir Fiber Composites
19.10 Jute Fiber Composites
19.11 Flax Fiber Composites
19.12 Date Palm Fibers Composites
19.13 Rice Straw Fiber Composites
19.14 Agava Fibers Composites
19.15 Sisal Fibers Composites
19.16 Pineapple Leaf Fiber Composites
19.17 Basalt Fiber Composites
19.18 Grewia optiva Fiber Composites
19.19 Luffa Fiber Composites
19.20 Some Other Natural Fibers Composites
20 Natural and Artificial Diversification of Starch
20.2 Natural Diversification of Starches
20.3 Artificial Diversification of Starches
21 Role of Radiation and Surface Modification on Biofiber for Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review
21.3 Chemistry of Cellulose in NF
21.5 Surface Modification of NFs
21.5.1 Silane as Coupling Agent on NFs
21.6 Radiation Effect on the Surface of Biofiber
21.6.1 Nonionizing Radiation
21.6.2 Ionizing Radiation
21.7.1 Effect of Radiation on Biocomposites
21.8 Hybrid Biocomposites
21.8.1 Effect of γ-Radiation on Hybrid Biocomposites
21.9 Nanofillers and Nanocomposites
21.10 Initiative in Product Development of NF Composite
Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Functionalization
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