Chapter
1.5 Supramolecular Polymers and Supramolecular PCL
1.6 Supramolecular Composites: PCL (UPy)2/HApUPy Composites
1.6.1 Biodegradation Study of the PCL (UPy)2/HApUPy Composites
1.6.1.1 In Vitro Degradation Study
1.6.1.2 Water Uptake and Weight Loss
1.6.1.3 Chemical Properties
1.6.1.4 Thermal and Dynamic Mechanical Properties
1.7 PCL(UPy)2/HApUPy Nanocomposites
1.7.1 Biodegradation Study of PCL(UPy)2/HApUPy Nanocomposites
2 Different Characterization of Solid Biofillers Based Agricultural Waste Materials
2.2 Examples on Agricultural Waste Materials
2.3 The Main Polymorphs of Cellulose
2.4 Modification Methods of Agro-Biomass
2.4.1.1 Conventional Drying Methods
2.4.1.2 Microwave Heating
2.4.3 Cross-linking of the Cellulose Macromolecules
2.4.3.1 Reaction with Formaldehyde
2.4.3.3 Polyisocyanates Coupling Agents
2.4.3.4 Silane Coupling Agents
2.5 Properties of Thermoplastics Reinforced with Untreated Wood Fillers
2.6 Production of Nanocellulose
2.6.2 Microfibrillated Cellulose
2.6.3 Properties of Cellulose-Based Nanocomposites
2.6.3.1 Mechanical Properties
2.6.3.2 Thermal Properties
2.6.3.3 Barrier Properties
2.7 Processing of Wood Thermoplastic Composites
3 Poly (ethylene-terephthalate) Reinforced with Hemp Fibers: Elaboration, Characterization, and Potential Applications
3.1 General Introduction to Biocomposite Materials
3.2 PET–Hemp Fiber Composites
3.3 Methods of Elaboration and Characterization of PET–Hemp Fiber Composites
3.4 Properties of PET–Hemp Fiber Composites
3.4.1 Mechanical Properties
3.4.3 Structural Properties
3.4.5 Relaxation Properties
3.5 Applications of PET–Hemp Fiber Composites
3.5.1 Applications Requiring Small Deformations
3.5.2 Applications Requiring Large Deformations
3.5.2.1 The Constitutive Equations
3.5.2.2 The Free-forming Pressure Load
3.5.2.3 The Simulation Assumptions
3.5.2.4 The Numerical Free Inflation of PET–Hemp Fibers Composite Discs
3.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
4 Poly(Lactic Acid) Thermoplastic Composites from Renewable Materials
4.2 Poly(Lactic Acid) Production, Properties, and Processing
4.2.3 PLA Properties and Processing
4.3 Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites
4.3.1 General Modifications
4.4 Poly(Lactic Acid) Natural Fibers-Reinforced Composites
4.4.1 PLA/Kenaf-Reinforced Composites
4.4.2 PLA/Flax-Reinforced Composites
4.4.3 PLA/Jute-Reinforced Composites
4.4.4 PLA/Hemp-Reinforced Composites
4.4.5 PLA/Sisal-Reinforced Composites
4.4.6 PLA/Wood Fiber-Reinforced Composites
4.4.7 Other Natural Fibers/PLA-Reinforced Composites
4.4.8 Recycling of Biocomposites
5 Chitosan-Based Composite Materials: Fabrication and Characterization
5.2 Cs-Based Composite Materials
5.3 Cs-Based Nanocomposites
5.4 Characterization of Cs-Based Composites
5.5 Environmental Concerns
6 The Use of Flax Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FFRP) Composites in the Externally Reinforced Structures for Seismic Retrofitting Monitored by Transient Thermography and Optical Techniques
6.2.1 Experimental Specimen with Artificial Defects
6.2.2 Retrofitted Walls in the Faculty of Engineering, L’Aquila University
6.2.3 Internal Wall Inspected by Square Pulse Thermography
6.2.4 External Faculty Façade Solar Loading Thermography Inspection
7 Recycling and Reuse of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Wastes in Concrete Composite Materials
7.2 Recycling Processes for Thermoset FRP Wastes
7.2.1 Incineration and Co-incineration
7.2.2 Thermal/Chemical Recycling
7.2.2.1 Thermal Processes
7.2.2.2 Chemical Processes
7.2.3 Mechanical Recycling
7.3 End-Use Applications for Mechanically Recycled FRP Wastes
7.3.1 Concrete Materials Modified with FRP Recyclates
7.4 Market Outlook and Future Perspectives
8 Analysis of Damage in Hybrid Composites Subjected to Ballistic Impacts: An Integrated Non-Destructive Approach
8.2 Lay-up Sequences and Manufacturing of Composite Materials
8.4.1 Construction of the Models
8.4.1.1 The Intercalated Case
8.4.1.2 The Sandwich Case
8.4.2 First Step of the Numerical Simulations
8.4.3 Second Step of the Numerical Simulations
8.5 Non-destructive Testing Methods and Related Techniques
8.5.1 Near-infrared Reflectography (NIRR) Method
8.5.2 Active Infrared Thermography (IRT) Method
8.5.2.1 Principal Component Thermography (PCT) Technique
8.5.2.2 Partial Least-Square Thermography (PLST) Technique
8.6 Results and Discussion
9 Biofiber-Reinforced Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil (AESO) Biocomposites
9.2.1 Epoxidized Soybean Oil
9.2.2 Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil
9.3 Functionalization of Soy Oil Triglyceride
9.3.3 Green Chemistry in AESO Production
9.3.5 Modification of AESO
9.3.6 Comonomers Used in Production of AESO Resins
9.4 Manufacturing of AESO-Based Composites
9.4.1 Components Used in Manufacturing of AESO-Based Composites
9.4.2 Composite Production Methods
9.4.3 Properties of Composites
9.4.3.1 Vibration-Damping/Thermomechanical Properties
9.4.3.2 Mechanical Properties of the Composites
9.4.3.3 Flexural Properties
9.4.3.4 Impact Properties
9.4.3.5 Dielectric Properties
9.4.3.6 Thermal Expansion
9.4.3.7 Water Absorption of AESO Composites
9.4.3.8 Climate Resistance
9.4.3.9 AESO-Based Nanocomposites
9.5 Targeted Applications
10 Biopolyamides and High-Performance Natural Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites
10.2.1 Bio-based Polyamide
10.2.2 Properties of Polyamides
10.2.3 Chemical Synthesis of Intermediates from Castor Beans
10.2.3.1 Undecenoic Acid Pathway
10.2.3.2 Sebacic Acid Pathway
10.2.3.3 Decamethylene Diamine Pathway
10.3 Overview of Current Applications of Polyamides
10.4 Biopolyamide Reinforced with Natural Fibers
11 Impact of Recycling on the Mechanical and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Wood Fiber Based HDPE and PLA Composites
11.2.2 Material Processing
11.2.4.2 Flexural Testing
11.2.4.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE)
11.2.4.4 Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT)
11.2.4.5 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
11.2.4.6 Izod Impact Test
11.2.4.7 Melt Flow Index (MFI)
11.2.4.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy
11.2.4.9 Fiber Length Measurement
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.3.1 Effect of CA on the Mechanical and Thermo-Mechanical Properties
11.3.2 Effect of Recycling on the Tensile Strength, and Flexural Strength
11.3.3 Effect of Recycling on the HDT, Tensile Modulus, Flexural Modulus and Storage Modulus
11.3.4 Effect of Recycling on the CTE and MFI
11.3.5 Effect of Recycling on the Impact Resistance of Composites
11.3.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy
12 Lignocellulosic Fibers Composites: An Overview
12.2 Conventional Wood-Based Composites
12.3 Lignocellulosic Composites with Reduced Weight
12.4 Regenerated Cellulose Fibers
12.5 Composites with Natural Fibres
12.8 Lignin and Cellulose
13 Biodiesel-Derived Raw Glycerol to Value-Added Products: Catalytic Conversion Approach
13.2.1 Production of Glycerol
13.2.2 Applications of Glycerol
13.3 Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol to Value-added Products
13.3.1 Catalytic Oxidation of Glycerol
13.3.2 Catalytic Dehydration of Glycerol
13.3.3 Catalytic Acetylation of Glycerol
13.3.4 Catalytic Esterification of Glycerol
13.3.5 Catalytic Reforming of Glycerol
13.3.6 Catalytic Reduction of Glycerol
13.3.7 Catalytic Etherification of Glycerol
13.3.8 Catalytic Ammoxidation of Glycerol
13.3.9 Catalytic Acetalization of Glycerol
13.3.10 Enzymatic Conversion of Glycerol
14 Thermo-Mechanical Characterization of Sustainable Structural Composites
14.2 Structure and Mechanical Properties of Botanical Fibers
14.2.1 Structure, Morphology and Composition of Natural Fibers
14.2.1.1 Structure and Morphology
14.2.1.2 Chemical Constituents
14.2.2 Physico-Mechanical Properties
14.3 Sustainable Polymer Matrix
14.3.1 Thermoplastic Biopolymers
14.3.2 Synthesis, Morphology, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Poly-l-lactide
14.3.2.3 Physical and Mechanical Properties
14.3.3 Biodegradation and Environmental Impact
14.4 Interface in Natural Fiber-Sustainable Polymer Microcomposites
14.4.1 Enhancement of Natural Fiber Adhesion to Polymer Matrix
14.4.1.1 General Considerations and Fiber Treatment
14.4.1.2 Mimicking Supramolecular Cell Wall Structures with Advanced Polymerization Methods
14.4.2 Matrix Morphology Development in the Presence of Long-Fiber Reinforcement
14.5 Natural Fibers as a Reinforcement in Unidirectional and Laminar Composites
14.5.1 Theory of Fiber Reinforcement
14.5.2 Manufacturing High-Fiber-Volume Fraction Composites
14.6 Sustainable Structural Composites
14.6.1 Selection of a Low Microfibril Angle Natural Fiber and a Sustainable Polymer Matrix
14.6.1.2 Polymer Matrix Selection
14.6.2 Enhancing Mechanical Strength of Fibers with Chemical Treatment
14.6.2.1 Modeling Statistical Variation of Single Fiber Bundle Failure
14.6.2.2 Effect of Caustic Soda Treatment on Sisal Fiber Bundle Tensile Strength
14.6.3 Adhesion Optimization and Polymer Morphology Development at Fiber-to-Matrix Interface
14.6.3.1 Observation of Crystalline Morphology at Fiber-to-Matrix Interface
14.6.3.2 Microbond Pullout Shear Test
14.6.4 Processing and Thermo-Mechanical Characterization of Unidirectional Long-fiber-bundle Composites
14.6.4.1 Compression Molding of Long-fiber-bundle Thermoplastic Composites
14.6.4.2 Mechanical Properties of Long-fiber-bundle Composites
14.6.4.3 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis of Long-fiber-bundle Composites
14.7 Discussion and Conclusions
15 Novel pH Sensitive Composite Hydrogel Based on Functionalized Starch/clay for the Controlled Release of Amoxicillin
15.2.2 Preparation of Composites of Cross-linked Carboxymethyl Starch and Montmorillonite (CL-CMS/MMT)
15.2.2.1 Preparation of Carboxymethyl Starch (CMS)
15.2.2.2 Preparation of Cross-linked Carboxymethyl Starch (CL-CMS)
15.2.2.3 Preparation of Sodium Montmorillonite (Na-MMT)
15.2.2.4 Preparation of Cross-linked CMS/MMT Hydrogel (CL-CMS/MMT)
15.2.3 Characterization of the Drug Carrier
15.2.4 Physio-Chemical Evaluation of CL-CMS
15.2.5 Drug Encapsulation Experiments
15.2.7 In Vitro Drug Release
15.2.8 Antimicrobial Activity
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.3.1 Characterization of CL-CMS/MMT Hydrogel
15.3.2 Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Cross-linked Carboxymethyl Starch (CL-CMS)
15.3.3 Effect of MMT Content on the Swelling Ratios of CL-CMS/MMT Composites
15.3.5 In Vitro Release Studies
15.3.6 Release Mechanism Studies
15.3.7 Antibacterial Studies
16 Preparation and Characterization of Biobased Thermoset Polymers from Renewable Resources and Their Use in Composites
16.2.1 Physicochemical Characterization
16.2.1.1 Chemical Composition
16.2.1.2 Density and Morphology
16.2.1.4 Molecular Weight
16.2.1.5 Melting Temperature
16.2.1.6 Crystallinity and Morphology
16.2.1.7 Wettability and Surface Tension
16.2.1.8 Water Binding Capacity and Swelling
16.2.1.9 Thermal Conductivity
16.2.1.10 Thermal Stability
16.2.2 Mechanical Characterization
16.2.2.1 Tensile Properties
16.2.2.2 Flexural Properties
16.2.2.3 Impact Properties
16.2.2.4 Compressive Properties
16.2.2.5 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis
16.2.2.6 Toughness and Hardness
16.2.2.7 Creep and Fatigue
16.2.2.8 Brittleness and Ductility
17 Influence of Natural Fillers Size and Shape into Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Biocomposites
17.2 Mechanical Properties of Biobased Composites
17.2.1 Relevant Parameters in Fillers Reinforcement
17.2.2 Stress Transfer and Percolation Mechanisms
17.2.3 Common Fillers Coming from Natural Sources
17.2.4 Shape and Size of Natural Fillers
17.2.5 Impact of Fillers Size and Volume Fraction
17.2.6.1 Casting Evaporation
18 Composite of Biodegradable Polymer Blends of PCL/PLLA and Coconut Fiber: The Effects of Ionizing Radiation
18.2.2 Preparation of Blend Sheets
18.2.3 Preparation of Composite Pellets and Sheets
18.2.4 Radiation Processing
18.2.4.1 Electron Beam Irradiation
18.2.4.2 Gamma Irradiation
18.2.5 Samples Characterization
18.2.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
18.2.5.3 Force Modulation Microscopy
18.2.6.1 Enzymatic Degradation
18.2.6.2 Biodegradability in Compost Soil
18.2.7.2 Extract Preparation
18.3 Results and Discussion
18.3.1 Mechanical Properties
18.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
18.3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy and Force Modulation Microscopy
18.3.7 Enzymatic Degradation
18.3.8 Biodegradation in Simulated Compost Soil
19 Packaging Composite Materials from Renewable Resources
19.2 Sustainable Packaging
19.3 Packaging Materials/Composites
19.4 Biomass Packaging Materials/Biobased Polymers
19.4.1 Cellulose/Cellulose Derives/Cellulose Blends
19.4.2 Chitosan/Chitosan Derives/Chitosan Blends
19.4.3 Gelatin/Gelatin Derives/Gelatin Blends
19.4.4 Starch/Starch Derives/Starch Blends
19.5 Vegetable Oils/Essential Oils
19.6 Aliphatic Polyesters
19.6.1 Polylactide Acids (PLAs)/PLA Blends
19.6.2 Poly(hydroxyalkanoates)/PHAs Blends
19.6.5 Polyurethane/PU Blends
19.7 Synthetic/Natural Polymers Reinforcement with Any Other Renewable Resources/Vegetables Fibers Blends
19.8 Edible Packaging Materials (Composites)
19.9 Processing Methods or Tools for Biopackaging Composites Productions
19.9.1 Hot Press Molding and Foaming: Melt-processed Blends
19.10 Nanopackaging (Bionanocomposites)
19.11 Preparation Methods for Packaging Nanocomposites
19.12 Edible Nanocomposite-based Material
20 Physicochemical Properties of Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete
20.1 Precursor of Geopolymerization
20.2 Back Ground of Precursor
20.3 Present Scenario of Geopolymer
20.5 Constituents of Geopolymers
20.6 Evolution of Geopolymer
20.7 Works on Geopolymer Concrete
20.7.1 Fresh and Hardened Concrete
20.7.2 Durability of Geopolymer Concrete
20.7.2.3 Water Absorption
20.7.3 Bond Strength of Geopolymer Concrete
20.7.4 Thermal Properties of Geopolymer Concrete
20.7.5 Compressive Strength Test on Geopolymer Mortar Cubes
20.7.5.2 The Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Concrete Cubes
20.7.6 Split Tensile Strength
20.7.7 Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Columns
20.8 Economic Benefits of Geopolymer Concrete
21 A Biopolymer Derived from Castor Oil Polyurethane: Experimental and Numerical Analyses
21.1.1 Polymer Mechanical Behavior: Experiments and Constitutive Models
21.2 Experimental Analyses
21.2.1 Materials and Manufacturing Process
21.2.2 Mechanical Test Methods
21.4.1 Experimental Tensile Tests Results
21.4.2 Experimental Compression Tests Results
21.4.3 Experimental Bending Tests Results
21.4.4 Experimental DMTA Results
21.4.5 Constitutive Models Results
22 Natural Polymer-Based Biomaterials and its Properties
22.2 Modifications of PLA
22.4 Characterization by FT-IR
22.5 Characterization by Optical Microscopy
22.6 Characterization by Electron Microscopy
22.7 Characterization by Mechanical Testing
22.8 Characterization of GPC
22.9 Characterization of Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis
23 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Membranes from Renewable Resources
23.2 Membranes Classifications
23.2.1 Typical Membrane Technique Preparation
23.2.1.1 Particulate Leaching/Solvent Casting
23.2.2 Membrane Modification
23.3 Overview of Fabrication Method of Polymer Membranes from Renewable Resources
23.3.1 BP/PEG (Blends)—1 Ply Fabrication
23.3.1.1 Renewable Polymer (BP) Preparation
23.3.1.2 Poly(ethylene glycol) Preparation
23.3.1.3 BP/PEG (Curing): 2 Plies Fabrication
23.3.1.4 BP/PEG (grafting)—1 Ply Fabrication
23.3.1.5 BP/DMF Fabrication
23.4 Chemical Reaction of Renewable Polymer (BP)
23.4.1 Functional Group Determination by Means of Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) for BP, PEG, and BP/PEG (Blends)—1 Ply, BP/PEG (curing)—2 Plies, and BP/PEG (grafting)—1 Ply
23.4.1.1 BP/PEG (Blends)—1 Ply
23.4.1.2 BP/PEG (Curing)—2 Plies
23.4.1.3 BP/PEG (Grafting)—1 Ply
23.5 Morphological Changes of Polymer Membrane by Scanning Electron Microscope
Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Physico-Chemical and Mechanical Characterization
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