Chapter
1.2.2 Calcium in Your Wake-Up Call
1.4 Natural Occurrence of Calcium
1.4.1 Isotopes of Calcium
1.4.3 Calcium Outside Cells
1.4.4 Calcium Inside Cells
1.5 Requirement of Cells for Ca2+
1.5.1 Calcium in External Fluids
1.5.2 Requirement of Animal Cells for Calcium
1.5.3 Requirement of Plant Cells for Calcium
1.5.4 Requirement of Microorganisms for Calcium
1.6 Four Biological Roles of Calcium
1.6.4 Intracellular Regulator
1.7 The Puzzle About Ca2+ Inside Cells
1.9 Darwin and Intracellular Ca2+
1.11 'Ja Kalzium, das ist alles!'
Chapter 2 Intracellular Ca2+ – Principles and Terminology
2.2 Some Specific Questions
2.3 Types of Intracellular Ca2+ Signal
2.4.1 Digital Versus Analogue Cell Events
2.4.2 Path to the Rubicon
2.5 Key Experiments to Answer Key Questions
2.6 Nomenclature – How Things are Named
2.6.1 English and Etymology
2.6.3 Cells and Biochemistry
2.6.5 Proteins and Protein Sequences
2.6.8 Agonists and Antagonists
2.8 Darwin and Intracellular Ca2+
Chapter 3 One Hundred Years Plus of Intracellular Ca2+
3.1.1 Pathway of Discovery and Invention for Intracellular Ca2
3.2 Why Study the History of Science?
3.3 Tale of Three Pioneers and What Followed
3.3.1 Experiments of Sydney Ringer (1836-1910)
3.3.2 Vision of Lewis Victor Heilbrunn (1892-1959)
3.3.3 Setsuro Ebashi (1922-2006): Pioneer of Intracellular Ca2+ in Muscle Contraction
3.4 Ca2+ as an Intracellular Regulator
3.4.2 Origin of the Use of Ca2+
3.4.3 Manipulation of Ca2+
3.4.4 Measurement and Location of Free Ca2+ in Live Cells
3.4.5 Identification of the Components Responsible for Regulating Free Ca2+ Inside Cells
3.4.6 Discovery of Plasma Membrane Ca2+ Pumps and Transporters
3.4.7 Discovery of How Ca2+ is Released from the SR/ER
3.4.8 Discovery of IP3 and its Receptor
3.4.9 Discovery of the Ryanodine Receptor
3.4.11 Discovery of Ca2+ Channels in the Plasma Membrane
3.4.12 Discovery of TRP Channels
3.4.13 Discovery of G-Proteins
3.4.14 Identification of the Ca2+ Targets Inside Cells and How They Work
3.4.15 Intracellular Ca2+ in Plants
3.4.16 Intracellular Ca2+ in Bacteria
3.4.17 Pathology of Intracellular Ca2+
3.5 Conceptual Development of Ca2+ as an Intracellular Regulator
Chapter 4 How to Study Intracellular Ca2+ as Cell Regulator
4.1 Pathway to Discover the Role of Intracellular Ca2+ in a Cell Event
4.2 Manipulation of Extra- and Intracellular Ca2+
4.3 Measurement of Intracellular Free Ca2+
4.3.2 Fluorescent Ca2+ Indicators
4.3.3 Calibration of Fluors
4.3.4 Ca2+-Activated Photoproteins
4.3.5 Calibration of Ca2+-Activated Photoproteins
4.3.6 Ca2+ Indicators and GFP
4.3.7 Other Free Ca2+ Indicators for Whole Organs and Organisms
4.4 Detecting and Imaging Photons
4.5 Measurement of Total Cell Ca2+
4.7 Measurement of Ca2+ Fluxes
4.8 How to Study Ca2+ and Other Ion Channels
4.9 How to Discover How the Rise in Cytosolic Free Ca2+ Occurs and Then Returns to Rest
4.10 How to Discover the Intracellular Ca2+ Target and How it Works
Chapter 5 How Ca2+ is Regulated Inside Cells
5.2 How Resting Cells Maintain Their Ca2+ Balance
5.3 Electrophysiology of Intracellular Ca2+
5.4 Primary Stimuli Which Produce a Cytosolic Free Ca2+ Signal
5.5 Plasma Membrane Ca2+ Channels
5.5.1 Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels
5.5.3 Receptor-Activated Ca2+ Channels
5.5.4 Mechanosensitive Channels
5.5.5 Store-Operated Calcium Entry - SOCE
5.6 Regulation of Intracellular Ca2+ By, and Within, Organelles
5.6.1 Endo-/sarco-plasmic Reticulum (ER/SR)
5.6.3 Lysosomal and Endosomal Ca2+
5.6.4 Secretory Vesicle Ca2+
5.6.6 Control of Ca2+ by the Golgi
5.6.8 Plant Organelles and Ca2+
5.7 Second Messengers and Regulation of Ca2+ Signalling in the Cytosol
5.8 Pore Formers and Intracellular Ca2+
5.9 Connexins and Gap Junctions
5.10 Other Ion Channels and Ca2+
Chapter 6 How Ca2+ Works Inside Cells
6.1 Biological Chemistry of Ca2+
6.1.3 Problem of Activity Coefficients
6.1.4 Fractional Ca2+ Binding After a Ca2+ Signal
6.2 Ca2+-Binding Proteins
6.2.1 Types of Ca2+-Binding Protein Inside Cells
6.2.2 Proteins with the EF-Hand Motif
6.2.3 Proteins with the C2 Motif
6.2.4 Proteins with a Cluster of Acidic Residues
6.2.5 Proteins Forming a Cluster of Oxygen Ligands From the Three-Dimensional Structure
6.3 Ca2+ and Other Intracellular Signals
6.3.1 Cyclic Nucleotides and Ca2+
6.3.4 Ca2+, Inositol Phosphates and Other Intracellular Signals
6.4 Ca2+ and Monovalent Ions
6.4.1 Intracellular Ca2+ and K+ Conductance
6.4.2 Intracellular Ca2+ and Na+ Conductance
6.4.3 Ca2+ and Chloride Channels
6.5 Transition Metals, Other Divalent Cations and Lanthanides
Chapter 7 How Ca2+ Regulates Animal Cell Physiology
7.1 Ca2+ and How Nerves Work
7.2 Ca2+ and Cell Movement
7.3.1 How Intracellular Ca2+ Causes Skeletal Muscle to Contract
7.3.2 How Intracellular Ca2+ Causes the Heart to Beat
7.3.3 How Intracellular Ca2+ Causes Smooth Muscle to Contract
7.3.4 How Intracellular Ca2+ Works in Invertebrate Muscle
7.3.5 Special Case of Ca2+ and the Spasmoneme
7.5 Intracellular Ca2+ and Secretion
7.5.3 Ca2+, the Endocrine Pancreas and Insulin Secretion
7.5.4 Ca2+ and the Salivary Gland
7.5.5 Ca2+ and the Exocrine Pancreas
7.5.6 Ca2+ and the Adrenal Medulla
7.5.7 Intracellular Ca2+ and Mast Cells
7.5.8 Ca2+ and Neutrophils, and Other Phagocytes
7.5.10 Ca2+ and Nematocysts
7.5.11 Ca2+ and Coccolithophores
7.5.12 Conclusions about Secretion and Intracellular Ca2+
7.7 Intracellular Ca2+ and Intermediary Metabolism
7.7.1 Ca2+ Activation of Glucose Metabolism
7.7.2 Ca2+ and Mitochondrial Intermediary Metabolism
7.7.3 Ca2+ and Lipolysis and Lipogenesis
7.8 Intracellular Ca2+ and Cell Growth
7.8.2 Cell Cycle and Ca2+
7.8.3 Fertilisation and Intracellular Ca2+
7.8.4 Differentiation and Intracellular Ca2+
7.9 Intracellular Ca2+ and the Immune Response
7.10 Intracellular Ca2+ and Vision
7.10.1 Ca2+ and Vertebrate Vision
7.10.2 Ca2+ and Invertebrate Vision
7.11 Intracellular Ca2+ and Other Senses
7.12 Ca2+ and Bioluminescence
7.13 Intracellular Ca2+ and Gene Expression
About the Companion Website
Chapter 8 Intracellular Ca2+ and Microorganisms
8.2 What Are Microorganisms?
8.3 What Do Microorganisms Do?
8.4 Indirect Evidence of a Role for Intracellular Ca2+ in Bacteria
8.5 Potential Role of Intracellular Ca2+ in Bacteria
8.6 How Much Ca2+ is There in Bacteria?
8.7 How Bacteria Regulate Their Intracellular Ca2
8.7.1 Ca2+ Influx into Bacteria
8.7.2 Ca2+ Efflux in Bacteria
8.8 Ca2+-Binding Proteins in Bacteria
8.9 Regulation of Bacterial Events by Intracellular Ca2+
8.9.1 Ca2+ and Growth of Bacteria
8.9.2 Calcium and Bacterial Movement
8.9.3 Quorum Sensing and Gene Expression
8.9.4 Ca2+ and Bacterial Metabolism
8.9.5 Bacterial Defence-Dormancy, Spore Formation and Germination
8.9.6 Bacterial Infection-Virulence, Competence and Defence
8.9.7 Development of Bacterial Structures
8.9.8 Ca2+ and Gene Expression
8.9.9 Bacterial Transformation
8.9.10 Bacterial Metabolic Toxin Hypothesis
8.9.11 Intracellular Ca2+ in Bacteria-Conclusions
8.10 Role of Intracellular Ca2+ in Archaea
8.11 Intracellular Ca2+ and Viruses
8.11.1 Eukaryotic Viruses
8.11.2 Bacterial Viruses – Bacteriophages
8.12 Intracellular Ca2+ and Eukaryotic Microorganisms
8.12.2 Paramecium and Related Ciliates
8.12.4 Luminous Radiolarians
Chapter 9 Role of Intracellular Ca2+ in Plants and Fungi
9.1 Role of Ca2+ in Plants
9.2 What Stimulates Plants?
9.2.1 Examples of Plant Cell Stimuli
9.2.3 Intracellular Signals in Plants
9.3 Requirement of Plants for Ca2+
9.4 Where Ca2+ is Stored in Plants
9.5 Measurement of Cytosolic Free Ca2+ in Plants
9.6 Identification of the Components of the Ca2+ Signalling System in Plants
9.6.1 Ca2+ Pumps and Exchangers
9.6.2 Ca2+ Channels in the Plasma Membrane
9.6.3 Plant Organelles and Ca2+
9.6.4 Ca2+ Stores Inside Plant Cells
9.6.5 Ca2+-Binding Proteins in Plants
9.6.6 Ca2+-Sensitive Genes in Plants
9.7 How Intracellular Ca2+ Can Provoke Cellular Events in Plants
9.7.1 Light and Intracellular Ca2+ in Plants
9.7.2 Control of Opening and Closing of Stoma/Stomata
9.7.3 Wind and Mechanical Stimulation of Plants
9.7.4 Gravity Sensing and Growth
9.7.5 Fertilisation and Germination
9.7.7 Intermediary Metabolism
9.7.8 Transport by Phloem
9.7.9 Defence Against Stress
9.10 Intracellular Ca2+ and Plant Pathology
9.11 Ca2+ in Mosses, Liverworts and Ferns
9.13.2 Intracellular Ca2+ and Yeast
9.14 Ca2+ and Slime Moulds
Chapter 10 Pathology of Intracellular Ca2+
10.3 Intracellular Ca2+ – Friend or Foe?
10.4 Intracellular Ca2+ and Cell Death
10.4.5 Cell Death Conclusions
10.5 Genetic Abnormalities in Ca2+ Signalling Proteins
10.5.1 Ca2+ Channelopathies
10.5.3 Mutations in ER Ca2+ Release Proteins
10.5.4 Mutations in Ca2+ Target Proteins
10.5.5 Proteins Associated with Ca2+ Signalling
10.6 Oxygen and Cell Pathology
10.6.2 Oxidative Damage and Intracellular Ca2+
10.7 Inappropriate Ca2+ Signalling
10.7.1 Immune System and Other Organs in Disease
10.7.2 Bacterial Metabolic Toxin Hypothesis
Chapter 11 Pharmacology of Intracellular Ca2+
11.1 Background to Compounds That Interact With Intracellular Ca2+ and Ca2+ Movement
11.2 Pharmacological Targets for Intracellular Ca2+
11.3 Drugs Used Clinically That Interfere With Intracellular Ca2+
11.4.1 General Anaesthetics
11.4.2 Local Anaesthetics
11.5 Ca2+ Channel Effectors
11.5.1 Classes of Ca2+ Channel Blocker
11.7 Arrhythmia, Tachycardia and Bradycardia
11.10 Agents Which Inhibit or Activate Adrenergic Receptors
11.13 Anti-Psychotic Drugs
11.14 Stimulants and Drugs of Abuse
11.16 Anti-Depressants and Manic Depression
11.19 Anti-Allergics and Anti-Immune Compounds
11.21 Substances Used Experimentally to Interfere with Intracellular Ca2+
11.21.1 Ca2+ Buffers and Ionophores
11.21.3 Agents Which Open or Close Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels
11.21.4 IP3 Receptor Activators and Blockers
11.21.5 Ryanodine Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
11.21.6 Plasma Membrane Ca2+ Pump and Exchanger Inhibitors
11.21.7 SERCA Pump Inhibitors
11.21.8 Compounds Which Affect Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE)
11.21.9 Mitochondrial Blockers
11.21.10 Ca2+ Target Inhibitors
11.22 Natural Toxins and Poisons
11.22.1 Natural Stings, Bites and Other Toxin-Producing Events
11.22.2 Cone Snail Toxins: Conotoxins
11.22.5 Pufferfish, Octopus, and frog Toxins
11.22.6 Jellyfish Sting Toxins
11.22.7 Hymenopteran Stings and Bites
11.23 Plant Toxins and Intracellular Ca2+
11.24 Drugs and the Ca2+ Receptor
11.26 Ions and Intracellular Ca2+
11.27 Antibodies and Intracellular Ca2+
11.28 Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 12 Darwin and 4000 Million Years of Intracellular Ca2+
12.3.1 The Word Evolution
12.3.3 Sequence of Evolution
12.3.4 Ca2+ and the Origin of Life
12.3.5 Ca2+ and the Origin of the Three Cell Types: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaroyta
12.4 Evolution of Ca2+ Signalling
12.4.1 Origin of Ca2+ Signalling
12.4.2 Membrane Potential
12.4.3 Evolution of Ca2+ Signalling Based on Phylogenetic Comparisons
12.4.4 Evolution of Ca2+-Binding Sites
12.4.5 Origin of the EF-Hand
12.5 Darwin and Knock-Outs
Chapter 13 They Think It's All Over
13.1 What We Know About the Details of Intracellular Ca2+
13.2 What We Don't Know About Intracellular Ca2+
13.3 Intracellular Ca2+ at School and University
13.4 Inspiration of Intracellular Ca2+
13.5 Communicating the Story of Intracellular Ca2+ to Others
13.6 End of the Beginning
Intracellular Calcium
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