Description
Cementitious materials are an essential part in any radioactive waste disposal facility. Conditioning processes such as cementation are used to convert waste into a stable solid form that is insoluble and will prevent dispersion to the surrounding environment. It is incredibly important to understand the long-term behavior of these materials. This book summarises approaches and current practices in use of cementitious materials for nuclear waste immobilisation. It gives a unique description of the most important aspects of cements as nuclear waste forms: starting with a description of wastes, analyzing the cementitious systems used for immobilization and describing the technologies used, and ending with analysis of cementitious waste forms and their long term behavior in an envisaged disposal environment.
Extensive research has been devoted to study the feasibility of using cement or cement based materials in immobilizing and solidifying different radioactive wastes. However, these research results are scattered. This work provides the reader with both the science and technology of the immobilization process, and the cementitious materials used to immobilize nuclear waste. It summarizes current knowledge in the field, and highlights important areas that need more investigation.
The chapters include: Introduction, Portland cement, Alternative cements, Cement characterization and testing, Radioactive waste cementation, Waste cementation technology, Cementitious wasteform durability and performance assessment.
Chapter
1.3 Nuclear Waste Sources and Classification
1.4 Nuclear Waste Management
1.4.1 Development of Policy Principles, Strategy and Legal Framework
1.4.2 Technical Options for a Waste Management System
1.4.2.1 Treatment of Front-End NFC Wastes
1.4.2.2 Treatment of Nuclear Reactor Operational Wastes
1.4.2.3 Treatment of Nuclear Centre Wastes
1.4.2.4 Immobilization and Disposal Options
1.4.3 Technical Factors that Affect Technology Selection
Chapter 2 Cements: Portland Cement
2.2 Portland Cement: Manufacture, Mineral Composition, Properties
2.3 Phase and Mineral Composition of Ordinary Portland Cement
2.4 Properties of Portland Cement
2.5 Hydration of Portland Cement
2.5.1 Hydration and Hydraulic Activity of Clinker Phases and Portland Cement
2.5.2 Process Chemistry, Products and Hydration Stages
2.5.3 Microstructure, Phases and Properties of Fresh and Hardened Cement Paste
2.6 Interaction of Portland Cements with Water and Soil
2.6.1 Ground Waters and Their Interaction with Cement Hydration Products
2.6.2 Soil and Its Interaction with Cement Hydration Products
2.6.2.1 Soil Characteristics
2.6.2.2 Soil Interaction with Cement Hydration Products
Chapter 3 Portland Cements with Mineral and Chemical Admixtures
3.1 Chemical Admixtures to Control the Structure and Properties of Portland Cements
3.1.3 Plasticizers, Super-Plasticizers and Hyperplasticizers
3.1.3.1 Air-Entraining Agents
3.1.3.3 Admixtures for Cement Paste Densification
3.1.3.4 Water-Retaining Agents and Stabilizers
3.1.3.5 Water Absorption and Water Permeability Reducing Admixtures
3.1.3.6 Biocidal Admixtures
3.1.3.7 Complex Chemical Admixtures
3.2 Mineral Admixtures in the Control of the Composition, Structure and Properties of Cements
3.2.1 Classification of Mineral Admixtures for Cements
3.2.1.1 The Classification of SCMs by Their Origin
3.2.1.2 The Classification of Mineral Admixtures by Activity
3.2.1.3 Classification of Fillers by the Energy Potential, Nature and Concentration of the Superficial Centres, and Adsorption Abilities
3.2.1.4 Classification of Mineral Admixtures by Dispersion
3.2.1.5 Classification of Mineral Admixtures by Efficiency in Economy of Cement
3.2.2 Portland Cements with Mineral Admixtures from Natural Rocks and Minerals
3.2.3 Portland Cements with Mineral Admixtures from Wastes of Various Industries
3.2.4 Portland Cements with Synthetic Mineral Admixtures
3.2.5 Portland Cements with Hybrid Mineral and Organic-Mineral Admixtures
3.2.5.1 Portland Cements with Hybrid Mineral Admixtures
3.2.5.2 Portland Cements with Organic-Mineral Admixtures
Chapter 4 Alternative Binders
4.1 Calcium Aluminate Cements
4.1.1 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of CACs
4.2 Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cements
4.2.1 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of CSACs
4.2.3 Properties of CSACs
4.3.1 Properties of Phosphate Cements
4.3.2 Magnesium Phosphate Cements
4.3.3 Calcium Phosphate Cements
4.4 Alkali-Activated Cements
Chapter 5 Cement Properties, Characterization and Testing
5.1 Water/Cement Ratio, Water Requirement, Workability and Water Retention
5.3 Specific Surface Area and Particle Size Distribution
5.6 Freeze–Thaw Resistance
5.7 Microstructure and Analysis
Chapter 6 Radioactive Waste Cementation
6.1 Radioactive Waste Streams for Cementation
6.2.1 Organic Liquid Waste for Cementation
6.2.2 Aqueous Waste for Cementation
6.2.2.1 Precipitation Sludge Management
6.2.2.2 Legacy and Reprocessing Sludge
6.3 Bulk Solid Radioactive Wastes
6.3.1 Bulk Metallic Wastes
6.3.2 Bulk Concrete Wastes
6.3.4 Bulk Hazardous Wastes
6.4 Fragmented (Dispersed) Solid Wastes
6.4.1 Compactable, Combustible Wastes
6.4.2 Non-compactable, Non-combustible Wastes
6.5 Additives for Radioactive Waste Cementation
6.6 Cement-Based Composite Materials
6.7 Cement-Based Wasteform Optimization
Chapter 7 Waste Cementation Technology
7.1 Methods of Liquid Waste Cementation
7.1.1 Regular Mixer Technology
7.1.2 Disposable Stirrer Technology
7.1.3 Slant Mixer Technology
7.1.4 High Energy and High Shear Mixer Technology
7.1.5 In-line Mixing Technology
7.2 Methods for Cementation of Fragmented (Dispersed) Solid Waste
7.3 Methods for Cementation of Bulk Solid Waste
7.4 Quality Control of Technological Processes and Materials Obtained
Chapter 8 Cementitious Wasteform Durability
8.1 Wasteform Durability Requirements
8.2 Role of Material Performance
8.3 Expected Performance of Cements
8.4 Wasteform Leaching Parameters
8.6 Long-Term Field Tests
8.6.1 Mound Type Repository Field Tests
8.6.2 Vault Repository Field Tests
8.9 Role of Filling Materials
Chapter 9 Performance Assessment
9.1 Historical Disposal Practice
9.2 Disposal Facility Design
9.2.1 Shallow Land Disposal Options
9.2.2 Underground Disposal Option
9.4 Performance Assessment
Chapter 10 Future Trends and Concluding Remarks
10.1 Role of Cementitious Materials
10.2 Novel Cementitious Materials
End User License Agreement
Cementitious Materials for Nuclear Waste Immobilization
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