Introduction

Ch. 1 Vowel place elements

1. The basic vowels

1.1 Brazilian Portuguese

1.2 The neutralisation of vowel contrasts

1.3 Other languages: segment inventories

1.3.1 Turkish vowel harmony

1.3.2 Morphological considerations

1.3.3 Vowel systems

1.3.4 Patterns in vowel inventories

1.4 Other considerations

2. Processes

3. More mid vowels and additional height contrasts

4. Notation

5. Conclusion

Ch. 2 Consonant place elements

1. Consonant places of articulation: I, A and U

1.1 Segment inventories

1.2 Other considerations

2. Consonant-vowel interactions

2.1 Interactions involving the element U

2.1.1 Rounding of vowels before or after labial consonants

2.1.2 Labialisation of consonants before or after rounded vowels

2.1.3 Other evidence

2.2 Interactions involving the element I

2.2.1 Fronting of vowels before or after coronal consonants

2.2.2 Coronalisation of consonants before or after front vowels

2.2.3 Other evidence

2.3 Interactions involving the element A

2.3.1 Lowering and/or backing of vowels before or after velar consonants

2.3.2 Dorsalization of consonants before or after back vowels

2.3.3 Other evidence

2.3.4 Discussion

3. Conclusion

Ch. 3 Complex segments and phonological complexity

1. Complex segments pre-theoretically

2. Phonological complexity

2.1 Assumptions

2.2 Complex segments from a theoretical perspective

2.2.1 Colour mixing

2.2.2 Multiple stricture

2.2.3 Two-rootedness

3. Conclusion

Ch. 4 Head-dependent asymmetries at the segmental level

1. The mismatch condition in metrical and segmental phonology

1.1 Combining two-rootedness and colour mixing

1.1.1 Consonants with secondary articulation

1.1.2 Short diphthongs

1.2 Combining two-rootedness and multiple stricture

1.3 Combining colour mixing and multiple stricture

2. Combining all three types of complexity

3. Conclusion

Ch. 5 Maimer primitives

1. Manner

2. Simple segments and natural classes

2.1 Simple segments

2.2 Natural classes

3. Complex segments: multiple stricture

4. Complex segment results

5. Conclusion

Ch. 6 Colour mixing in consonants

1. Combining the elements

1.1 Combining identical elements

1.1.1 Bilabial vs. labiodental

1.1.2 Dental vs. alveolar

1.1.3 Pharyngeal vs. velar

1.2 Combining different elements

1.2.1 Labial-velars

1.2.2 Labial-coronals

2. Coronal places of articulation

3. Uvulars

3.1 Velars and uvulars form a natural class

3.2 Uvulars have secondary velarisation

4. Conclusion

Ch. 7 Affricates

1. Spreading [acont] and the Manner-Place dependency in affricates

1.1 Empirical issues

1.2 The Manner-Place dependency in affricates

2. Evidence

2.1 Affricates as single segments

2.2 Segment inventories

2.2.1 Secondary articulation

2.2.2 Place of articulation in fricatives and affricates

2.3 Ordering of [stop] and [cont] in affricates

3. Basque

3.1 Preliminaries

3.1.1 Affricates as single segments

3.1.2 Two monovalent features [stop] and [cont]

3.1.3 The Manner-Place dependency in Basque affricates

3.2 Processes and constraints in Basque

3.2.1 Stop Deletion

3.2.2 Glottal Stop Formation and Aspiration

3.2.3 Sibilant Harmony

3.2.4 Fricativisation

3.2.5 Voice Assimilation

3.2.6 Palatalisation

3.3 Summary concerning Basque

4. Conclusion

Ch. 8 Prenasalised stops

1. Prenasalised stops: three predictions

1.1 Prenasalised stops as unit segments

1.2 Ordering

1.2.1 Ngbaka

1.2.2 The Ganda Law and other rules

1.3 Place attached to [stop] only

2. Alternative representations of prenasalised stops

2.1 Prenasalised stops as contour segments

2.2 Prenasalised stops as two-root complex segments

3. Conclusion

Ch. 9 /s/ plus stop clusters

1. Syllabification

2. Phonological rules and constraints

2.1 Reduplication

2.2 Partial geminates

2.3 Other evidence

3. Ordering

4. Conclusion

Ch. 10 Two-root complex segments

1. Two consonants under one x-slot

1.1 Clicks

1.2 Labial-coronals

1.3 Postnasalised stops

2. Two vowels under one x-slot: short diphthongs

3. A vowel and a consonant under one x-slot

3.1 Consonants with secondary articulation

3.2 Vowels with consonantal properties

4. Conclusion

References