Chapter
Application of results to core formation
SILICATE AND OXIDE CONTROL ON HSE FRACTIONATION
Spinel–melt partitioning of HSEs
Silicate mineral–melt partitioning of HSEs
Origin of the variation in partitioning
Local PGM saturation during chromite growth
MAGMATIC SULFIDE AND ASSOCIATED PHASES
MSS–sulfide melt partitioning
MSS–ISS–sulfide melt partitioning
Sulfide melt–silicate melt and MSS–silicate melt partitioning
Role of the chalcogens (Se, Te, As, Bi, Sb)
SILICATE MELT–AQUEOUS LIQUID–VAPOR PARTITIONING
Theoretical considerations
The volatile/melt partitioning of Au
The volatile/melt partitioning of PPGE
The volatile/melt partitioning of IPGE and Re
2. Analytical Methods for the Highly Siderophile Elements
DATA QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE HSE
Sample heterogeneity and reproducibility
Chemical separation of HSE
REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR HSE ANALYSIS
3. Nucleosynthetic Isotope Variations of Siderophile and Chalcophile Elements in the Solar System
ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS: STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
Production of elements from He to Fe via hydrogen to silicon burning
Types of presolar grains and their origin
ISOTOPE ANOMALIES OF SIDEROPHILE AND CHALCOPHILE ELEMENTS IN BULK METEORITES
Isotope anomalies of siderophile elements in bulk meteorites
Isotope anomalies of chalcophile elements in bulk meteorites
INTERNAL ISOTOPE ANOMALIES PRESENT IN CHONDRITES
Acid leachates and residues
Isotopic constraints on the s-process nucleosynthetic component
ORIGIN OF PLANETARY SCALE ISOTOPE ANOMALIES IN METEORITES
4. Highly Siderophile Elements in Earth, Mars, the Moon, and Asteroids
MOTIVATION FOR STUDY AND BEHAVIOR OF THE HSE IN PLANETARY MATERIALS
METHODS APPLIED TO INVESTIGATING SIDEROPHILE ELEMENTS IN PLANETARY MATERIALS
The rhenium–osmium, platinum–osmium and palladium–silver isotope systems
Standardization in planetary studies
Metal-sulfide–silicate modeling in chondritic systems
Partial melt modeling of planetary mantles
“Pristinity” of crustal and mantle samples
Estimation of planetary mantle composition
What do chondritic or nearly/broadly chondritic actually mean?
Early Solar System materials
Fragments of planetary cores and/or metal-rich melt pools
Primitive achondrite meteorites
Meteorites from differentiated asteroids
Terrestrial mantle composition
Secondary alteration effects
PLANETARY FORMATION PROCESSES
Initial conditions and homogeneity of starting materials
Partial melting and partitioning of the HSE
Alternative hypotheses for the abundances of the HSE in planetary mantles
Later impacts into planetary crusts
COMPARATIVE PLANETOLOGY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TERRESTRIAL FORMATION
5. Distribution and Processing of Highly Siderophile Elements in Cratonic Mantle Lithosphere
THE CRATONIC MANTLE SAMPLE: PECULIARITIES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PITFALLS
MINERALOGY AND HSE HOSTS IN CRATONIC MANTLE PERIDOTITES
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR CRATONIC MANTLE PERIDOTITES
Whole rocks and mineral separates
UTILIZATION OF THE RE–OS ISOTOPE SYSTEM IN CRATONIC MANTLE STUDIES
EFFECT OF MELT DEPLETION DURING CRATONIC LITHOSPHERE STABILIZATION ON SULFUR AND HSE SYSTEMATICS
Sulfur and the persistence of sulfides
HSE PROCESSING DURING MANTLE METASOMATISM
Modification during intraplate mantle metasomatism
Modification during craton margin processes—subduction
MODELLING OF PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY HSE SIGNATURES IN CRATONIC MANTLE
HSE Concentrations of the Archean convecting mantle (ACM)
Effects of partial melt extraction on HSE based on modelling
Post-core formation, sluggish downward mixing of a late veneer
6. Highly Siderophile Element and 187Os Signatures in Non-cratonic Basalt-hosted Peridotite Xenoliths: Unravelling the Origin and Evolution of the Post-Archean Lithospheric Mantle
CONSTRAINING THE HSE AND 187Os/188Os ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF THE PRIMITIVE BULK SILICATE EARTH
PETROLOGY AND LOCATION OF NON-CRATONIC PERIDOTITE XENOLITHS
A BRIEF REVIEW OF HSE AND Os ISOTOPE ANALYTICAL METHODS AND HSE NORMALIZATION VALUES
HOST MINERALS OF HIGHLY SIDEROPHILE ELEMENTS IN NON-CRATONIC PERIDOTITE XENOLITHS
Nature of the host minerals
Petrography of the base metal sulfides
Origin of the base metal sulfides and platinum group minerals
HIGHLY SIDEROPHILE ELEMENTS AND 187Os/188Os RESULTS FROM NON-CRATONIC PERIDOTITE XENOLITHS
Summary of results from whole-rock studies
Summary of results from base metal sulfides and other mineral phases
Reconciling 187Os/188Os results from whole-rock and base metal sulfide analyses
THE LIFE OF A XENOLITH, AS RECORDED IN HSE- AND Os-ISOTOPE SYSTEMATICS
The HSE and 187Os composition of the Primitive Upper Mantle
Whole-rock observations on samples representing melting residues
Mineralogical control of HSE fractionation during partial melting
Ancient melt-extraction events recorded by 187Os/188Os systematics
Post-melting petrological history
Syn- to post-eruptive processes
CHRONOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF OS-ISOTOPIC DATA AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS
Obtaining age information from Os isotopes of whole rocks
Obtaining age information from Os isotopes of base metal sulfides
Tectonic interpretation of Os model ages
7. Re–Pt–Os Isotopic and Highly Siderophile Element Behavior in Oceanic and Continental Mantle Tectonites
BREVIA OF CONCEPTS, TERMINOLOGY, AND ANALYTICAL CAVEATS
Normalization of concentration data
Precision and accuracy of concentration data and analytical issues
HIGHLY SIDEROPHILE ELEMENTS IN MANTLE TECTONITES FROM DIFFERENT GEODYNAMIC SETTINGS
Summary of mantle tectonites and their geodynamic settings
HSE IN ABYSSAL PERIDOTITES FROM SPREADING OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE
HSE in mantle tectonites from continental extensional domains and continent–ocean transitions
HSE in ophiolites that formed at fast spreading ridges with little or no influence from subduction processes
High-temperature orogenic peridotites from convergent plate margin settings
Highly siderophile elements in peridotites and melt-reacted lithologies of ophiolites influenced by convergent plate margin magmatism
Highly siderophile elements in the mantle sections of ophiolites of uncertain origin
Influence of low-temperature alteration processes on the HSE in bulk rocks and minerals
The influence of melt infiltration and partial melting on HSE abundances in mantle tectonites
Summary—Mantle melting and mantle–magma interaction—different sides of the same coin
Os isotopic heterogeneity in the mantle
The role of recycled oceanic lithosphere in producing HSE and Os isotope signatures in magmas
The relationship between abyssal peridotites and MORB: an osmium isotope perspective
Interpretation of Re–Os model ages
8. Chalcophile and Siderophile Elements in Mantle Rocks: Trace Elements Controlled By Trace Minerals
Sulfides in the upper mantle and mantle rocks
Abundance and phase control on chalcophile and siderophile elements in the fertile upper mantle
Partial melting of the mantle: a BMS-removing and PGM producing petrogenetic process
Chalcophile/siderophile element systematics in pyroxenites
Low-pressure BMS dissolution in regional-scale open system melting of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle
BMS precipitation associated with magma percolation/metasomatism
Platinum-group minerals and magmatic percolation of the lithospheric mantle
9. Petrogenesis of the Platinum-Group Minerals
PHASE RELATIONS AND ORIGIN OF THE PGM
Chemical properties of the PGM
Extraterrestrial occurrences of the PGM
Origin of the terrestrial PGM: Mantle melting, metasomatism, and metal transfer
PGM IN LAYERED MAFIC–ULTRAMAFIC INTRUSIONS
Chromitite-hosted layered intrusion PGM
Non-chromitite-hosted PGM in layered intrusions
PGM in ophiolite peridotites
PGM in ophiolite chromitites
PGM in sulfide-rich ophiolite lithologies
PGM IN PERIDOTITES OF THE SUBCONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE
Subcontinental lithospheric mantle peridotite massifs
SCLM peridotite xenoliths
PGM IN CONCENTRICALLY ZONED URALIAN–ALASKAN–ALDAN-TYPE COMPLEXES
PGM in dunite, pyroxenite and gabbro
Chromitite-hosted PGM in CUAAC
PGM and sulfide mineralization in CUAAC
PGM IN NI-SULFIDE DEPOSITS
Magmatic Ni–(± Cu–± PGE)–sulfide deposits in non-komatiitic rocks
EXAMPLES OF UNCONVENTIONAL PGM OCCURRENCES
Kimberlite- and Cu-porphyry-hosted PGM
Assessing the mineralogical and textural complexity of PGM assemblages
Constraints on quantifying the distribution and grain size of PGM
Advancing our understanding of the link between PGM assemblage and PGE geochemistry
PGM in placers associated with ophiolite complexes
PGM mineralization in CUAAC placer deposits
10. Mantle Sulfides and their Role in Re–Os and Pb Isotope Geochronology
ANALYTICAL METHODS AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF SAMPLE PREPARATION
BASE-METAL SULFIDE OCCURRENCE, MAJOR ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROLOGY
Peridotite-hosted sulfides
Pyroxenite-hosted sulfides
Re–Os–Pb MASS BALANCE IN ULTRAMAFIC SAMPLES
GEOCHRONOLOGICAL METHODS, MODEL AGES, AND POTENTIAL PITFALLS
Sulfide Re–Os isochrons, TMA, TRD, and gOs
Potential pitfalls with sulfide geochronology
THE UTILITY OF Re–Os AND Pb ISOTOPE GEOCHRONOLOGY
Dating the formation of diamonds
Diamond formation through time
The age of the continental lithospheric mantle and the assembly of its domains
The relationship between the age of the SCLM and the overlying crust
The inherent heterogeneity within the oceanic mantle
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
11. Highly Siderophile Element and Os Isotope Systematics of Volcanic Rocks at Divergent and Convergent Plate Boundaries and in Intraplate Settings
HIGHLY SIDEROPHILE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION AND BEHAVIOR IN THE UPPER MANTLE
Core formation and the late accretion of impactor material
Highly siderophile elements in mantle minerals
Highly siderophile element behavior accompanying fractional crystallization
THE 187Re–187Os ISOTOPE SYSTEM AND THE FORMATION OF MID-OCEAN RIDGE BASALT (MORB)
Rhenium–Osmium elemental variations in MORB glass
The 187Os/188Os isotope variations in MORB glass
Analytical issues associated with MORB
SULFIDES IN MID-OCEAN RIDGE BASALTS
187Re–187Os behavior in MORB sulfide
The 187Os/188Os composition of the MORB mantle source
Assimilation of gabbroic lower crust
HSE ABUNDANCES AND Re–Os ISOTOPE SYSTEMATICS OF INTRAPLATE VOLCANISM
Osmium isotopes as tracers of hotspot sources
Crustal and lithospheric mantle assimilation/contamination
The origin of Continental Flood Basalts (CFB) and Large Igneous Provinces (LIP)
Continental intraplate alkaline volcanism
Processes affecting the HSE compositions of sub-aerial volcanism
HIGHLY SIDEROPHILE ELEMENT SYSTEMATICS OF ARCS
HSE and 187Os/188Os in arc lavas
HSE and 187Os/188Os in arc xenoliths
Radiogenic Os from slab components or from crustal contamination
Mechanical mixing processes
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
12. Highly Siderophile and Strongly Chalcophile Elements in Magmatic Ore Deposits
CLASSIFICATION OF THE DEPOSITS
Reef or stratiform deposits
MINERALS HOSTING THE PLATINUM-GROUP ELEMENTS
Normalization to mantle or chondrite?
Recalculation to 100% Sulfides or whole rock
Other chalcophile elements
Composition of the silicate melt
Saturation of the magma in a sulfide liquid
Upgrading of the Sulfides
Crystallization of a sulfide liquid
UTILIZATION OF THE Re–Os ISOTOPE SYSTEM IN STUDIES OF MAGMATIC Ni–Cu–PGE ORE GENESIS
The “R-factor” and its application to Re–Os isotopes
Examples of the application of the Re–Os isotope system to magmatic ore deposits