Chapter
1.3 Curing of Bio-Based Epoxy Resins – an Ecological Approach
1.4.1 Mechanical Performance of Bast Fibers
1.6 Applications and Requirements
2 Manufacturing of High Performance Biomass-Based Polyesters by Rheological Approach
2.2 Linear Viscoelastic Properties
2.2.1 Rheological Parameters
2.2.2 Effect of Degradation
2.3 Enhancement of Crystallization Rate
2.4 Rheological Modification for Marked Melt Elasticity
2.4.1 Addition of Flexible Nanofiber
2.4.2 Addition of Critical Gel
3 Design of Fibrous Composite Materials for Saving Energy
3.1.1 Energy and Power Efficiency
3.2 Microthermomechanical Fiber Composites Behavior
3.2.1 Challenges of Numerical Simulation of Fibrous Composite Materials
3.2.1.1 Large Gradients of Physical Fields
3.2.1.2 Material Micro-Structure
3.2.1.4 Interfacial Conditions
3.2.2 Computational Methods for Fibrous Composite Materials
3.2.3 Meshless Computational Methods
3.2.4 Method of Continuous Source Functions
3.2.4.2 Model Description
3.2.5 Numerical Results of MCSF – Microthermomechanical Response
3.2.5.1 Single Fiber in Matrix
3.2.5.2 Fiber Patch of Regularly Distributed Fibers
3.2.5.3 Interaction of Two Overlapping Fibers
3.2.6 Numerical Simulation of Wave Propagation and Experimental Testing
3.3 Industrial Applications — Case Studies
3.3.1 Printing Industry Application
3.3.1.1 Vibrations and Component Joints Accuracy
3.3.1.2 Use of Composite Structures for Flexoprinting
3.3.2 Aerospace Industry Application
3.3.2.1 Composite Materials in Plane Viper SD-4
3.3.2.2 Discussion and Potential of Fibrous Composite Usage
3.3.3 Mechanical Engineering Industry Application
3.3.3.1 Nanostructured Coating and Microstructuring of Cutting Edge
3.3.3.2 Nanocomposite Coating
4 Design and Manufacturing of Bio-Based Sandwich Structures
4.2 Bio-Based Core Materials
4.2.2 Biopolymer-Based Foam Cores
4.2.3 Biopolymer-Based Cores
4.3 Manufacture of Sandwich Panels
4.4 Recent Studies on Bio-Based Sandwich Panels
4.5 Applications of Bio-Based Sandwich Panels
5 Design and Manufacture of Biodegradable Products from Renewable Resources
5.2 Materials and Processes for Biodegradable Composites
5.2.1 Nature of Biodegradable Polymers
5.2.2 Processing of Thermoplastic Starch Bulk Material
5.2.3 Processing of Thermoplastic Starch Films
5.2.4 Biodegradable Reinforcement
5.2.5 Biodegradable Bulk Composites
5.2.6 Biodegradable Film Composites
5.3 Performance of Biodegradable Composites Under Service Conditions
5.4.1 Use of Biodegradable Composites in the Transport Industry, with Special Reference to Motorcar Panels
5.4.1.2 Materials and Manufacturing Processes for Interior Panels
5.4.1.3 Performance Indices of Interior Panels
5.4.2 Use of Biodegradable Composites in the Packaging Industry, with Special Reference to Disposable Flexible Food Packaging
5.4.2.2 Flexible Packaging Materials
5.4.3 Use of Biodegradable Composites in Biomedical Applications, with Special Reference to Dissolvable Bone Plates
5.4.3.2 Comparison of Candidate Bone Fixation Materials
6 Manufacturing and Characterization of Quicklime (CaO) Filled ZA-27 Metal Alloy Composites for Single-Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing
6.2.2 Fabrication of Composites
6.2.3 Physical and Mechanical Characterization
6.2.3.1 Density and Void Contents
6.2.3.3 Compressive Strength
6.2.4 Fracture Toughness Analysis
6.2.5 Contact Stress Analysis of the CaO Particulates Filled ZA-27 Alloy Composites Using FEM Element Type and Meshing Procedure
6.2.5.2 Boundary Condition and Application of Load
6.2.5.3 Structural Analysis
6.2.5.4 Numerical Modeling
6.2.5.5 Mathematical Modeling
6.2.6 Hardness Analysis of the CaO Particulates Filled ZA-27 Alloy Composites Using FEM
6.2.6.1 Finite Element Model
6.2.6.2 Element Type and Meshing
6.2.6.3 Material Properties and Boundary Condition
6.2.6.4 Mathematical Modeling
6.3 Result and Discussions
6.3.1 Effect of Void Content on CaO Particulates Filled ZA-27 Alloy Composites
6.3.2 Effect of Hardness on CaO Particulates Filled ZA-27 Alloy Composites
6.3.3 Effect of Compressive Strength on CaO Particulates Filled ZA-27 Alloy Composites
6.3.4 Effect of Flexural Strength on CaO Particulates Filled ZA-27 Alloy Composites
6.3.5 Effect of Impact Strength on CaO Particulates Filled ZA-27 Aalloy Composites
6.3.6 Effect of Fracture Toughness on CaO Filled ZA-27 Alloy Composites
6.3.7 Fractography of CaO Particulates Filled ZA-27 Alloy Composites After Fracture Test
6.3.8 Effect of Hardness and Contact Stress and Deformation of CaO Particulates Filled ZA-27 Alloy Composites
7 Manufacturing of Composites from Chicken Feathers and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.3.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
7.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
8 Production of Porous Carbons from Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Gels: Applications
8.2 Synthesis of Aerogels
8.2.1 Synthesis of Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Gels
8.3 Polymeric Gels from Renewable Raw Materials
8.4 Carbonization of Polymeric Resins
8.5 Drying the Polymeric Gel
8.5.1 Supercritical and Cryogenic Drying
8.5.2 Structure and Properties of Xero-, Cryo- and Supercritical Gels
8.6.1 The Use of Surfactants During the Synthesis of Resins
8.6.2 The Use of Polyelectrolytes as Pore Stabilizer During the Synthesis of Resins
8.7 Pyrolysis of R-F Resins
8.8 Applications of the Gels
8.8.1 Resorcinol-Formaldehyde-Based Porous Carbon as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production and Fischer Reaction
8.8.2 Porous Carbon Obtained from R-F Resins as an Electrode Material for Supercapacitors
9 Composites Using Agricultural Wastes
9.2 Natural Fibers Classification
9.3 Types of Plant Fibers
9.3.1 Natural Fiber Materials
9.3.1.1 Lignocelluloses Structure
9.3.1.2 Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibers
9.3.2 Straw as a Reinforcement Material
9.3.2.1 The Fractions of Straw
9.3.2.2 The Morphology of Straw
9.3.2.3 Chemical Composition of the Straw
9.4 Composite Mechanical Properties
9.4.1 Theoretical Principles of Fiber Reinforcement
9.4.2 Concept of Critical Volume Fraction
9.4.3 Critical Fiber Aspect Ratio
9.5 Industry Process of Some Biocomposites Using Agricultural Wastes
9.5.1.3 Bricks Preparation
9.5.1.4 Microstructure of Earth Bricks
9.5.1.5 Bricks Properties
9.5.2 Earth Plaster Composites for Straw Bale Buildings
9.5.2.2 Composite Properties
9.5.3 Embankments and Dams
10 Manufacturing of Rice Waste-Based Natural Fiber Polymer Composites from Thermosetting vs. Thermoplastic Matrices
10.1 General Introduction
10.2 Scope Survey of Agro-Based NFPC Composites
10.2.1 Factors Affecting the Properties of NFPC
10.2.1.1 Thermosetting Polymers
10.2.1.2 Thermoplastic Polymers
10.2.2 Improving the Compatibility Between Matrix and Fiber
10.2.2.1 Mechanical Pretreatment
10.2.2.2 Physical Pretreatment
10.2.2.3 Chemical Pretreatment
10.2.2.4 Biological Pretreatment
10.3 Optimizing the Conditions for Production of High Performance Natural Fiber Polymer Composites
10.3.1 Material and Methods
10.3.1.1 Natural Fibers Component
10.3.1.2 Matrices Polymers
10.3.1.3 NFPC Preparation and Tests
10.3.2 Results & Discussion
10.3.2.1 Evaluating the Rice Waste-Polyester-Based NFPC
10.3.2.2 Comparisons Based on Evaluating Rice Wastes-Polypropylene-Based NFPC and Rice Wastes-PS –Based NFPC
11 Thermoplastic Polymeric Composites and Polymers: Their Potential in a Dialogue Between Art and Technology
11.2 “Organic Beauty” in 1998
11.3 “Organic Beauty” and Other Sculptures in 2014
11.4 Laboratory Experiments
12 Natural Fiber Reinforced PLA Composites: Effect of Shape of Fiber Elements on Properties of Composites
12.2.1 Chemical and Anatomical Structure of Plants
12.2.2 Wood Elements as Reinforcers
12.2.3 Annual Plants for Continuous Fibers
12.3.1 Producing of Wood Elements – Size Reduction
12.3.1.1 Size Reduction by Mechanical Processes – Production of Particle Elements
12.3.1.2 Size Reduction by Thermo-Mechanical Process – Production of Fiber Elements
12.3.2 Characterizing the Shape of Elements
12.3.3 Wood-Reinforced Polymer Composites – Effect of Element Morphology
12.4 Continuous Fiber Reinforced PLA Composite
13 Rigid Closed-Cell PUR Foams Containing Polyols Derived from Renewable Resources: The Effect of Polymer Composition, Foam Density, and Organoclay Filler on Their Mechanical Properties
13.2.2 Preparation of PUR Foams and Monolithic Polymers
13.2.4 X-ray Diffraction Analysis
13.2.5 Specimens and Tests
13.3 Modeling the Mechanical Properties of Foams
13.3.2 Strut-Based Models
13.4 Results and Discussion
13.4.1 Test Results of Neat Monolithic and Foamed PUR
13.4.2 Modeling the Properties of Neat Foams
13.4.3 The Effect of Clay Filler
14 Preparation and Application of the Composite from Alginate
14. 2 Composites from Alginate and Natural Polymers
14.2.1 Composites from Alginate and Chitosan
14.2.2 Composites from Alginate and Collagen
14.2.3 Composites from Alginate and Gelatin
14.2.4 Composites from Alginate and Hyaluronic Acid
14.2.5 Composites from Alginate and Cellulose
14.2.6 Composites from Alginate and Heparin
14.3 Composites from Alginate and Synthetic Polymers
14.3.1 Composites from Alginate and Polyurethane
14.3.2 Composites from Alginate and Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)
14.3.3 Composites from Alginate and Poly(γ-Glutamic Acid)
14.4 Composites from Alginate and Biomacromolecules
14.4.1 Composites from Alginate and Protein
14.4.1.1 Composites from Alginate and Silk Fibroin
14.4.1.2 Composites from Alginate and Silk Sericin
14.4.1.3 Composites from Alginate and Soy Protein
14.4.2 Composites from Alginate and Peptide
14.5 Composites from Alginate and Inorganic Components
14.5.1 Composites from Alginate and Hydroxyapatite
14.5.2 Composites from Alginate and Silica
14.5.3 Composites from Alginate and Silver Nanoparticles
14.5.4 Composites from Alginate and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
14.5.5 Composites from Alginate and Fe3 O4
14.6 Composites from Alginate and Carbon Materials
14.6.1 Composites from Alginate and Carbon Nanotubes
14.6.2 Composites from Alginate and Graphene Oxide
14.7 Composites from Alginate and Clays
15 Recent Developments in Biocomposites of Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin
15.2 History of B. mori Silk
15.3 Chemical Composition of B. mori Silk
15.3.4 Fatty and Waxy Matters
15.4 Properties of B. mori Silk
15.4.4 Tensile Properties
15.4.6 Thermal Properties
15.4.9 Chemical Properties of B. mori Silk
15.4.9.3 Effect of Alkalis
15.4.9.5 Effect of Oxidizing Agents
15.5 Extraction of Silk Fibroin by Degumming Process
15.6 Regenerated Fibroin Solution
15.7 Silk Fibroin Hydrogels
15.8 Methods of SF-Based Biocomposite Production
15.8.3 Irradiation Method
15.8.5 Solvent Casting/Particulate Leaching
15.8.7 Injection/Compression Molding
15.9 Silk Fibroin-Based Biocomposites
15.9.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles and SF
15.9.2 Poly(ethylene glycol) and SF
15.9.3 Poly(pyrrole) and SF
15.9.4 Poly(vinyl alcohol) and SF
15.9.5 Poly(lactic acid) and SF
15.9.6 Poly(ε-caprolactone) and SF
15.9.7 Poly(ε-caprolactone-co-D,L-lactide) and SF
15.9.8 Poly(curethane) and SF
15.9.14 Hydroxyapatite and SF
16 Design and Manufacturing of Natural Fiber/Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites
16.1.1 Prediction of Elastic Properties of Uni-Directional Laminate of Intra-ply Hybrid Composites
16.1.2 Prediction of Elastic Properties of Inter-ply Hybrid Composites
16.2 Natural Fiber/Synthetic Fiber Hybrid Composites
16.2.1 Natural Fibers, Synthetic Fibers and Polymer Matrices Used in Hybrid Composites and Their Applications
16.2.2.1 Hybrid Composites with Glass Fibers
16.2.2.2 Effects of Hybridization on Moisture Absorption
16.2.2.3 Hybrid Composites with Non-Glass Fibers
16.2.2.4 Biodegradable Matrices
16.2.2.5 Industrial Applications
16.3 Applications and Future Outlook
17 Natural Fiber Composite Strengthening Solution for Structural Beam Component for Enhanced Flexural Strength, as Alternatives to CFRP and GFRP Strengthening Techniques
17.2.1 Materials for FRP System
17.2.2 Pre-treatment of Natural Fibers
17.2.3 Alkali Treatment of Natural Fibers
17.2.4 Bezylation Treatment of Natural Fibers
17.2.5 Thermal Treatment of Natural Fibers
17.3 Mechanical Characterization of Natural and Artificial FRP Composites
17.3.1 Fabrication of FRP Composites
17.3.2 Tensile and Flexural Characterization of FRP Composites
17.4 RC Beam Strengthening Rechnique Using Natural and Artificial FRP Composite Systems
17.5 Experimentation and Analysis of Results
17.5.1 Analysis of Experimental Results
18 High Pressure Resin Transfer Moulding of Epoxy Resins From Renewable Sources
18.2.1 Materials and Methods
18.3 Results and Discussions
19 Cork-Based Structural Composites
19.1 Introduction: Cork as a Sustainable Resource
19.2 Cork as a Structural Material
19.2.1 Cork General Properties
19.2.2.2 Cork Applications
19.2.3 Mechanical Properties
19.2.3.1 Physical Properties
19.2.3.2 Comparison with Foam Cellular Materials
19.2.3.3 Mechanical Properties
19.4 Cork Core Sandwich Concepts
19.5 Damage Tolerant Structures with Cork
19.6 Processing Techniques
19.8 Conclusions and Challenges
20 The Use of Wheat Straw as an Agricultural Waste in Composites for Semi-Structural Applications
20.2 Application of Wheat Straw in Composites
20.2.1 Composites with Thermosetting Matrices
20.2.2 Composites with Thermoplastic Matrices
20.2.3 Composites with Biodegradable Matrices
21 Design and Manufacturing of Sustainable Composites
21.1 Introduction to Ecological Composite Design
21.1.1 Historical Background
21.1.2 General Characteristics of Plastics
21.1.3 Use of Ecological Matrices
21.1.3.1 Classical Matrices
21.1.3.2 Matrices from Renewable Resources (Bio-sourced)
21.1.3.3 Biodegradable Matrices from Fossil Resources
21.1.3.4 Biodegradable Matrices from Renewable Resources
21.1.3.5 Oxo-degradable Matrices
21.1.4 Global Production of Plastics
21.1.5 Use of Ecological Fibers
21.1.6 Use of Nanocomposites
21.1.7 Overall Ecological Classification of Composites
21.2 Design Principles for a Sustainable Composite
21.2.1 Composite Applications and Specification of Required Mechanical Goals
21.2.2 Analysis of Ecological and Pure Operational Performance
21.2.2.1 Principles for Sustainable Biomaterials
21.2.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
21.2.3 Predicting the Performance of an Eco-Composite: Relationships Between Microstructural and Mechanical Properties
21.2.3.1 The Rule of Mixtures
21.2.3.3 Modified Shear-lag Model
21.2.3.5 Christensen-Waals Model
21.3 Summary of Available Composite Manufacturing Processes
21.3.3 Compression Molding
21.3.5 Resin Transfer Molding (RTM)
21.3.6 Industrial Compost Biodegradation Testing
21.4 Techniques for Improving the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Composites
21.4.1 Useful Optimization Techniques for Eco-Composite Design
21.4.1.1 Maleated Coupling Agents
21.4.1.2 Permanganate Treatment
21.4.1.3 Acetylation of Natural Fibers
21.4.1.4 Alkaline treatment
21.4.1.5 Acrylation and Acrylonitrile Grafting
21.4.1.6 Silane Treatment
21.4.1.7 Peroxide Treatment
21.4.2 The Best Material Design for a Given Application
Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Design and Manufacturing
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