Chapter
1.7 Light Rays in Wave Guides
1.7.1 Ray Optics in Wave Guides
1.7.3 Gradient-Index Fibers
1.8 Lenses and Curved Mirrors
1.9.1 Paraxial Approximation
1.9.5 Periodic Lens Systems
1.9.6 ABCD Matrices for Wave Guides
1.10 Ray Optics and Particle Optics
2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation Fields
2.1.2 Polarizable and Magnetizable Media
2.1.5 Maxwell's Equations for Optics
2.1.6 Continuity Equation and Superposition Principle
2.1.8 Energy Density, Intensity, and the Poynting Vector of Electromagnetic Waves
2.3.1 The Gaussian Principal Mode or TEM00 Mode
2.3.2 The ABCD Rule for Gaussian Modes
2.3.3 Paraxial Wave Equation
2.3.4 Higher Gaussian Modes
2.3.5 Creation of Gaussian Modes
2.3.6 More Gaussian Paraxial Beams
2.4 Vector Light: Polarization
2.4.3 Polarization State and Poincaré Sphere
2.4.4 Jones Matrices, Polarization Control, and Measurement
2.4.5 Polarization and Projection
2.4.6 Polarization of Light Beams with Finite Extension
2.5 Optomechanics: Mechanical Action of Light Beams
2.5.2 Angular Momentum of Light Beams
2.5.4 Optical Angular Momentum (OAM)
2.6.1 Scalar Diffraction Theory
2.7 Fraunhofer Diffraction
2.7.1 Optical Fourier Transformation, Fourier Optics
2.8.1 Babinet's Principle
2.8.2 Fresnel Zones and Fresnel Lenses
2.9 Beyond Gaussian Beams: Diffraction Integral and ABCD Formalism
Chapter 3 Light Propagation in Matter: Interfaces, Dispersion, and Birefringence
3.1 Dielectric Interfaces
3.1.1 Refraction and Reflection at Glass Surfaces
3.1.2 Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
3.1.3 Complex Refractive Index
3.2 Interfaces of Conducting Materials
3.2.1 Wave Propagation in Conducting Materials
3.2.2 Metallic Reflection
3.2.3 Polaritons and Plasmons
3.3 Light Pulses in Dispersive Materials
3.3.1 Pulse Distortion by Dispersion
3.4 Anisotropic Optical Materials
3.4.2 Ordinary and Extraordinary Light Rays
3.4.3 Construction of Retarder Plates
3.4.4 Birefringent Polarizers
3.5.1 Pockels Cell and Electro-optical Modulators
3.5.2 Liquid Crystal Modulators
3.5.3 Spatial Light Modulators
3.5.4 Acousto-Optical Modulators
3.5.6 Optical Isolators and Diodes
Chapter 4 Light Propagation in Structured Matter
4.1 Optical Wave Guides and Fibers
4.1.4 Functional Types and Applications of Optical Fibers
4.2 Dielectric Photonic Materials
4.2.3 Photonic Bandgap in 1D
4.2.4 Bandgaps in 2D and 3D
4.2.5 Defects and Defect Modes
4.2.6 Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs)
4.3.1 Dielectric (Plasmonic) Metamaterials
4.3.2 Magnetic Metamaterials and negative index of refraction
4.3.3 Constructing Magnetic Metamaterials
4.3.4 Applications of Metamaterials: The Perfect Lens
5.3 Magnifying Glass and Eyepiece
5.4.1 Resolving Power of Microscopes
5.4.2 Analyzing and Improving Contrast
5.5 Scanning Microscopy Methods
5.5.1 Depth of Focus and Confocal Microscopy
5.5.2 Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM)
5.5.3 Overcoming the Rayleigh-Abbe Resolution Limits with Light
5.6.1 Theoretical Resolving Power of a Telescope
5.6.2 Magnification of a Telescope
5.6.3 Image Distortions of Telescopes
5.7 Lenses: Designs and Aberrations
5.7.2 Aberrations: Seidel Aberrations
5.7.3 Chromatic Aberration
Chapter 6 Coherence and Interferometry
6.2 Coherence and Correlation
6.2.1 Correlation Functions
6.3 The Double-Slit Experiment
6.3.1 Transverse Coherence
6.3.2 Optical or Diffraction Gratings
6.4 Michelson interferometer: longitudinal coherence
6.4.1 Longitudinal or Temporal Coherence
6.4.2 Mach-Zehnder and Sagnac Interferometers
6.5 Fabry-Pérot Interferometer
6.5.1 Free Spectral Range, Finesse, and Resolution
6.6.1 Damping of Optical Cavities
6.6.2 Modes and Mode Matching
6.6.3 Resonance Frequencies of Optical Cavities
6.6.4 Symmetric Optical Cavities
6.6.5 Optical Cavities: Important Special Cases
6.8.1 Holographic Recording
6.8.2 Holographic Reconstruction
6.9 Laser Speckle (Laser Granulation)
6.9.1 Real and Virtual Speckle Patterns
6.9.2 Speckle Grain Sizes
Chapter 7 Light and Matter
7.1 Classical Radiation Interaction
7.1.1 Lorentz Oscillators
7.1.2 Macroscopic Polarization
7.2.1 Are There Any Atoms with Only Two Levels?
7.2.3 Optical Bloch Equations
7.2.4 Pseudo-spin, Precession, and Rabi Nutation
7.2.5 Microscopic Dipoles and Ensembles
7.2.6 Optical Bloch Equations with Damping
7.2.7 Steady-State Inversion and Polarization
7.3 Stimulated and Spontaneous Radiation Processes
7.3.1 Stimulated Emission and Absorption
7.3.2 Spontaneous Emission
7.4 Inversion and Amplification
7.4.1 Four-, Three-, and Two-Level Laser Systems
7.4.2 Generation of Inversion
7.4.4 The Historical Path to the Laser
8.1 The Classic System: The He-Ne Laser
8.1.2 Mode Selection in the He-Ne Laser
8.1.3 Gain Profile, Laser Frequency, and Spectral Holes
8.1.4 The Single-Frequency Laser
8.1.6 Spectral Properties of the He-Ne Laser
8.1.7 Optical Spectral Analysis
8.1.8 Applications of the He-Ne Laser
8.2.3 Molecular Gas Lasers
8.3 The Workhorses: Solid-State Lasers
8.3.1 Optical Properties of Laser Crystals
8.4 Selected Solid-State Lasers
8.4.1 The Neodymium Laser
8.4.2 Applications of Neodymium Lasers
8.4.3 Erbium Lasers, Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs)
8.4.5 Ytterbium Lasers: Higher Power with Thin-Disc and Fiber Lasers
8.5 Tunable Lasers with Vibronic States
8.5.1 Transition-Metal Ions
9.1.1 The Resonator Field
9.1.2 Damping of the Resonator Field
9.1.3 Steady-State Laser Operation
9.2.1 Laser Spiking and Relaxation Oscillations
9.3 Threshold-Less Lasers and Micro-lasers
9.4.1 Amplitude and Phase Noise
9.4.2 The Microscopic Origin of Laser Noise
9.4.3 Laser Intensity Noise
9.4.4 Schawlow-Townes Linewidth
9.5.3 Methods of Mode Locking
9.5.4 Measurement of Short Pulses
9.5.5 Tera- and Petawatt Lasers
9.5.6 Coherent White Light
Chapter 10 Semiconductor Lasers
10.1.1 Electrons and Holes
10.1.2 Doped Semiconductors
10.2 Optical Properties of Semiconductors
10.2.1 Semiconductors for Optoelectronics
10.2.2 Absorption and Emission of Light
10.2.3 Inversion in the Laser Diode
10.2.5 Homo- and Heterostructures
10.3 The Heterostructure Laser
10.3.1 Construction and Operation
10.3.2 Spectral Properties
10.3.3 Quantum Films, Quantum Wires, and Quantum Dots
10.3.4 Quantum Cascade Lasers
10.4 Dynamic Properties of Semiconductor Lasers
10.4.1 Modulation Properties
10.4.2 Linewidth of the Semiconductor Laser
10.5 Laser Diodes, Diode Lasers, and Laser Systems
10.5.1 Tunable Diode Lasers (Grating Tuned Lasers)
10.5.2 DFB and DBR Lasers and VCSEL
10.6 High-Power Laser Diodes
Chapter 11 Sensors for Light
11.1 Characteristics of Optical Detectors
11.1.2 Quantum Efficiency
11.1.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
11.1.4 Noise Equivalent Power (NEP)
11.1.5 Detectivity "D-Star"
11.1.7 Linearity and Dynamic Range
11.2 Fluctuating Optoelectronic Quantities
11.2.1 Dark Current Noise
11.2.2 Intrinsic Amplifier Noise
11.2.3 Measuring Amplifier Noise
11.3 Photon Noise and Detectivity Limits
11.3.1 Photon Statistics of Coherent Light Fields
11.3.2 Photon Statistics in Thermal Light Fields
11.3.3 Shot Noise Limit and "Square-Law" Detectors
11.4.3 Pyroelectric Detectors
11.5 Quantum Sensors I: Photomultiplier Tubes
11.5.1 The Photoelectric Effect
11.6 Quantum Sensors II: Semiconductor Sensors
11.6.2 Photodiodes or Photovoltaic Detectors
11.6.3 Avalanche Photodiodes
11.7 Position and Image Sensors
11.7.3 Image Intensifiers
Chapter 12 Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Cooling
12.1 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF)
12.2 Absorption and Dispersion
12.2.1 Saturated Absorption
12.3 The Width of Spectral Lines
12.3.1 Natural Width and Homogeneous Linewidth
12.3.2 Doppler Broadening and Inhomogeneous Linewidth
12.3.3 Pressure Broadening
12.3.4 Time-of-Flight (TOF) Broadening
12.4 Doppler-Free Spectroscopy
12.4.1 Spectroscopy with Molecular Beams
12.4.2 Saturation Spectroscopy
12.4.3 Two-Photon Spectroscopy
12.5.1 Radiation Pressure in a Propagating Wave
12.5.3 Heating Forces, Doppler Limit
12.5.4 Dipole Forces in a Standing Wave
Chapter 13 Coherent Light-Matter Interaction
13.1 Weak Coupling and Strong Coupling
13.1.1 AC Stark Effect and Dressed-Atom Model
13.2.2 Free Induction Decay
Chapter 14 Photons: An Introduction to Quantum Optics
14.1 Does Light Exhibit Quantum Character?
14.2 Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field
14.3 Spontaneous Emission
14.3.1 Vacuum Fluctuations Perturb Excited Atoms
14.3.2 Weisskopf and Wigner Theory of Spontaneous Emission
14.3.3 Suppression of Spontaneous Emission
14.3.4 Interpretation of Spontaneous Emission
14.3.5 Open Quantum Systems and Reservoirs
14.4 Resonance Fluorescence
14.4.1 The Spectrum of Resonance Fluorescence
14.4.2 Spectra and Correlation Functions
14.4.3 Spectra and Quantum Fluctuations
14.4.4 Coherent and Incoherent Contributions of Resonance Fluorescence
14.5 Light Fields in Quantum Optics
14.5.1 Fluctuating Light Fields
14.5.2 Quantum Properties of Important Light Fields
14.5.3 Photon Number Distribution
14.5.4 Bunching and Anti-bunching
14.6.1 Spontaneous Parametric Fluorescence, SPDC Sources
14.6.2 Hong-Ou-Mandel Interferometer
14.7.1 Entangled States According to Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen
14.7.3 Bell's Inequality and Quantum Optics
14.7.4 Polarization-Entangled Photon Pairs
14.7.5 A Simple Bell Experiment
Chapter 15 Nonlinear Optics I: Optical Mixing Processes
15.1 Charged Anharmonic Oscillators
15.2 Second-Order Nonlinear Susceptibility
15.2.1 Mixing Optical Fields: Three-Wave Mixing
15.2.2 Symmetry Properties of Susceptibility
15.2.3 Two-Wave Polarization
15.2.5 Effective Value of the Nonlinear $d$ Coefficient
15.3 Wave Propagation in Nonlinear Media
15.3.1 Coupled Amplitude Equations
15.3.2 Coupled Amplitudes for Three-Wave Mixing
15.3.3 Energy Conservation
15.4.3 Phase Matching in Nonlinear and Birefringent Crystals
15.4.4 Frequency Doubling with Gaussian Beams
15.4.5 Resonant Frequency Doubling
15.4.6 Quasi-phase Matching
15.5 Sum and Difference Frequency
15.5.2 Difference Frequency and Parametric Gain
15.6 Optical Parametric Oscillators
Chapter 16 Nonlinear Optics II: Four-Wave Mixing
16.1 Frequency Tripling in Gases
16.2 Nonlinear Refraction Coefficient (Optical Kerr Effect)
16.3 Self-Phase Modulation
Appendix A Mathematics for Optics
A.1 Spectral Analysis of Fluctuating Measurable Quantities
A.2 Time Averaging Formula
Appendix B Supplements in Quantum Mechanics
B.1 Temporal Evolution of a Two-State System
B.1.2 Temporal Development of Pure States
B.2 Density Matrix Formalism
Optics, Light and Lasers
：The Practical Approach to Modern Aspects of Photonics and Laser Physics
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