Chapter
2.5 Products and Properties
Chapter 3 Diesel Hydrotreating Process
3.1 Why Diesel Hydrotreating?
3.2 Basic Process Flowsheeting
3.6 Hydrotreating Catalysts
3.7 Key Process Conditions
3.8 Different Types of Process Designs
Chapter 4 Description of Hydrocracking Process
4.2 Basic Processing Blocks
4.5 Reaction Mechanism and Catalysts
4.7 Key Process Conditions
4.8 Typical Process Designs
Part 2 Hydroprocessing Design
Chapter 5 Process Design Considerations
5.6 Makeup Gas Compression
Chapter 6 Distillate Hydrotreating Unit Design
Chapter 7 Hydrocracking Unit Design
7.2 Single-stage Hydrocracking Reactor Section
7.3 Two-stage Hydrocracking Reactor Section
7.4 Use of a Hot Separator in Hydrocracking Unit Design
7.6 Hydrocracking Unit Fractionation Section Design
7.7 Fractionator First Flow Scheme
7.8 Debutanizer First Flow Scheme
7.9 Stripper First Fractionation Flow Scheme
7.10 Dual Zone Stripper Fractionation Flow Scheme
7.11 Dual Zone Stripper-Dual Fractionator Flow Scheme
7.12 Hot Separator Operating Temperature
7.16 Hydrocracking Unit Integrated Design
Part 3 Energy and Process Integration
Chapter 8 Heat Integration for Better Energy Efficiency
8.3 Grassroots Heat Exchanger Network (Hen) Design
8.4 Network Pinch for Energy Retrofit
Chapter 9 Process Integration for Low-Cost Design
9.2 Definition of Process Integration
9.3 Grand Composite Curves (GCC)
9.4 Appropriate Placement Principle for Process Changes
9.5 Dividing Wall Distillation Column
9.6 Systematic Approach for Process Integration
9.7 Applications of the Process Integration Methodology
9.8 Summary of Potential Energy Efficiency Improvements
Chapter 10 Distillation Column Operating Window
10.2 What is Distillation?
10.3 Why Distillation is the Most Widely Used?
10.4 Distillation Efficiency
10.5 Definition of Feasible Operating Window
10.6 Understanding Operating Window
10.7 Typical Capacity Limits
10.8 Effects of Design Parameters
10.10 Example Calculations for Developing Operating Window
Part 4 Process Equipment Assessment
Chapter 11 Fired Heater Assessment
11.2 Fired Heater Design for High Reliability
11.3 Fired Heater Operation for High Reliability
11.4 Efficient Fired Heater Operation
Chapter 12 Pump Assessment
12.2 Understanding Pump Head
12.3 Define Pump Head-Bernoulli Equation
12.5 Total Head Calculation Examples
12.6 Pump System Characteristics-System Curve
12.7 Pump Characteristics-Pump Curve
12.8 Best Efficiency Point (BEP)
12.9 Pump Curves for Different Pump Arrangement
12.12 Reliability Operating Envelope (ROE)
12.14 Pump Selection and Sizing
Chapter 13 Compressor Assessment
13.2 Types of Compressors
13.3 Impeller Configurations
13.5 How a Compressor Works
13.6 Fundamentals of Centrifugal Compressors
13.8 Partial Load Control
13.9 Inlet Throttle Valve
13.10 Process Context for a Centrifugal Compressor
13.11 Compressor Selection
Chapter 14 Heat Exchanger Assessment
14.2 Basic Concepts and Calculations
14.3 Understand Performance Criterion-U Values
14.5 Understand Pressure Drop
14.6 Effects of Velocity on Heat Transfer, Pressure Drop, and Fouling
14.7 Heat Exchanger Rating Assessment
14.8 Improving Heat Exchanger Performance
Chapter 15 Distillation Column Assessment
15.3 Calculations for Missing and Incomplete Data
15.4 Building Process Simulation
15.5 Heat and Material Balance Assessment
15.6 Tower Efficiency Assessment
15.7 Operating Profile Assessment
15.8 Tower Rating Assessment
Part 5 Process System Evaluation
Chapter 16 Energy Benchmarking
16.2 Definition of Energy Intensity for a Process
16.3 The Concept of Fuel Equivalent for Steam and Power (FE)
16.5 Convert All Energy Usage to Fuel Equivalent
16.7 Fuel Equivalent for Steam and Power
16.8 Energy Performance Index (EPI) Method for Energy Benchmarking
Chapter 17 Key Indicators and Targets
17.2 Key Indicators Represent Operation Opportunities
17.3 Define Key Indicators
17.4 Set Up Targets for Key Indicators
17.5 Economic Evaluation for Key Indicators
17.6 Application 1: Implementing Key Indicators into an "Energy Dashboard"
17.7 Application 2: Implementing Key Indicators to Controllers
17.8 It is Worth the Effort
Chapter 18 Distillation System Optimization
18.2 Tower Optimization Basics
18.3 Energy Optimization for Distillation System
18.4 Overall Process Optimization
Part 6 Operational Guidelines and Troubleshooting
Chapter 19 Common Operating Issues
19.2 Catalyst Activation Problems
19.3 Feedstock Variations and Contaminants
19.5 Treating/Cracking Catalyst Deactivation Imbalance
19.6 Flow Maldistribution
19.7 Temperature Excursion
19.8 Reactor Pressure Drop
Chapter 20 Troubleshooting Case Analysis
20.2 Case Study I-Product Selectivity Changes
20.3 Case Study II-Feedstock Changes
20.4 Case Study III-Catalyst Deactivation Balance
20.5 Case Study IV-Catalyst Migration
Hydroprocessing for Clean Energy
：Design, Operation, and Optimization
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