Chapter
Chapter 2 Preliminary Organization
2.2 Overview of Evaluations
Part One: Organizational Concepts
2.4 Anatomy of a Representative Fire
Part Two: Barriers, Spaces, and Connectivity
2.10 Space–Barrier Connectivity
2.12 Virtual Barrier Applications
2.13 Space–Barrier Discussion
Part Three: Fire Defenses
2.15 Active Fire Defenses
2.15.1 Fire Detection and Alarm
2.15.2 The Automatic Sprinkler System
2.15.3 Fire Department Operations
2.15.4 Building Fire Brigade
2.15.5 Special Hazard Automatic Suppression Systems
2.15.7 Occupant Activities
2.16 Passive Fire Defenses
2.16.1 Structural Fire Protection
2.16.3 Opening Protectives
Chapter 3 Tools of Analysis
3.5 Event Logic Observations
3.7 Decomposing Logic Networks
3.8 Network Diagram Observations
3.9 Single Value Networks
3.10 Time Relationships Using Event Trees
3.11 Continuous Value Networks
Part Two: Space–Barrier Connectivity
3.16 Building Interconnectivity
3.17 Segmenting Buildings
Part Three: Additional Tools
3.20 Organizational Charts
3.21 Organizational Networks
Chapter 4 An Introduction to the Interactive Performance Information Chart
5.1 Performance Evaluations
5.2 Information Accessibility
5.4 Performance Estimates
5.5 Uncertainty in Performance Estimates
5.6 Philosophical Reflections
Part One: Room Fire Concepts
6.3 The Role of Heat: Ignition
6.4 The Role of Heat: Heat of Combustion and Heat Release Rate
6.5 The Role of Heat: Heat Transfer
6.6 Realms of Fire Growth
6.7 Fire Development: Fire Free Status to EB
6.11 Fully Developed Fire
6.12 The Role of Ventilation
6.13 The Role of Barriers
6.14 The Fire Development Process: EB to FO
6.15 The Fire Development Process: FO to Burnout
Part Two: Room Fire Descriptors
6.19 Fuel Packages and Fuel Groups
6.20.1 Determining the HRR
6.20.2 Furniture Calorimeter
6.20.4 Pause for Discussion
6.22 Overview of Factors that Affect Room Fire Behavior
6.22.1 Realm 1: Pre-burning
6.22.2 Realm 2: Initial burning
6.22.3 Realm 3: Vigorous Burning
6.22.4 Realm 4: Interactive Burning
6.22.5 Realm 5: Remote Burning
6.25 Realm 6: Fully Developed Fire
6.26 Limits of Applicability
6.27 Large Rooms: Full Room Involvement
6.28 Fire Safety Engineering in the Information Age
Chapter 7 The Room Fire: Qualitative Analysis
7.1 The Role of Qualitative Analysis
7.2 Qualitative Estimates for Room Fires
Part One: Bottom-up Estimates
7.3 Bottom-up Scenario Estimates
7.3.3 Realm 3: EB to Enclosure Point (EP)
7.3.4 Realm 4: EP to Ceiling Point (CP)
7.4 Time and the Fire Growth Potential
7.6 Estimating Spread-over Scenarios
Part Two: Top-down Estimates
7.7 Qualitative Room Classifications
7.9 Interior Design and Model Rooms
7.10 FGP Classification Groups
7.11 Selecting FGP Groups
7.11.1 Evaluation Guidelines
7.11.2 Classification Examples
Chapter 8 Beyond the Room of Origin
Part One: Barrier Effectiveness
8.3 Barrier Functions in Buildings
8.4 Barrier Fire Functions
8.5 Concepts for Barrier Evaluations
8.6 Barrier Failure Modes
8.7 Barrier Failures and Building Performance
Part Two: Barrier–Space Modules
8.9 Barrier–Space Modules
8.10 Massive Barrier Failure (D)
8.11 Hot-spot Barrier Failure (T)
8.12 The Role of Interior Finish
8.14 Qualitative Diagnostic Fire Analysis: Room Classifications
8.15 Qualitative Diagnostic Fire Analysis: Barrier Contributions
8.16 Qualitative Diagnostic Fire Analysis: Modules
Part Three: Qualitative Fire Analysis
8.20 Information Technology Enhancements
9.7 Tenability Considerations
9.8 Smoke Movement Analysis
9.9 Smoke Movement Networks
9.10 Qualitative Smoke Movement Analysis
9.11 Quantitative Analysis
Chapter 10 The Diagnostic Fire
10.2 Interactive Performance Information (IPI) Chart and the Diagnostic Fire
Chapter 11 Fire Detection
Part One: Automatic Detection
11.2 Instrument Detection
11.3 Detection Instruments
11.4 Automatic Detection Analysis
11.5 Instrument Reliability
Part Two: Human Detection
11.6 Concepts in Human Fire Detection
11.7 Human Detection Analysis
Chapter 12 Alarm: Actions After Detection
Part One: Alert Occupants
Part Two: Notify Local Fire Department
12.6 Human Notification (MN)
12.6.1 Decide to Notify the Fire Department (dmn)
12.6.2 Send the Message (smn)
12.6.3 Message is Correctly Received (rmn)
12.8 Automated Notification Services
12.8.1 Proprietary Supervising Station System
12.8.4 Auxiliary Fire Alarm System
Part Three: Building System Interfaces
Chapter 13 Fire Department Extinguishment: Arrival
13.2 Organizing the Topic
Part One: Manual Extinguishment Overview
13.3 The Role of the Fire Department
13.4 Building Analysis Overview
13.5 Part A: Ignition to Notification
13.6 Part B: Notification to Arrival
13.7 Part C: Arrival to Extinguishment
Part Two: Community Fire Departments
13.8 Fire Department Organizations
13.9.3 Specialized Companies
13.9.4 Emergency Services
13.9.5 Response Information
13.10 Building Fire Brigades
Part Three: Community Fire Response
13.11 Fire Department Response Time
13.12 Communications Centers
13.13 Alarm Handling Time
13.16 Response Time Analysis
Chapter 14 Fire Department Extinguishment: First Water (MA)
The Fire Fighter and the Engineer
Part One: An Overview of Manual Extinguishment Analysis
14.3 Phase 1: Initial Water Application (MA)
14.3.2 Establish a Water Supply
14.3.3 The Attack Launch Point
14.3.4 Interior Attack Lines
14.3.5 Critical Fire Conditions
14.3.6 Extinguishing the Fire
Part Two: A Brief Look at Fire Fighting
14.5 Initial Fire Ground Actions
14.7 Pause for Discussion
14.8 Manual Fire Fighting
14.9 No Two Fires Are Alike
Part Three: Supply Water Analysis
14.13 Supply Water Analysis
14.14 Supply Water Discussion
14.20 Work Breakdown Structure
14.22 Network Construction
14.23 Network Calculations
14.25 Additional Examples
Part Four: Interior Fire Attack Analysis
14.30 Overview of Stretching Interior Attack Lines
14.32 Architectural Segments
14.33 Architectural Obstacles
14.35 Multiple Attack Lines
14.38 Attack Route Analysis
Part Five: Phase 1 Analysis
14.41 Calculating Time Durations
Chapter 15 Fire Department Extinguishment: Control and Extinguishment
15.1 First Water Applied… Now What?
15.2 The Engineer and the Incident Commander
15.3 Pause to Review Available Information
15.6 Defensive Fire Fighting
15.7 Barrier Functions in Fire Fighting
15.10 Critical Fire Conditions
15.12 Fire Extinguishment (ME)
Chapter 16 Automatic Sprinkler Suppression
16.2 Sprinkler System Performance
Part One: Sprinkler Systems
16.3 Sprinkler Extinguishment
16.4 The Sprinkler System
16.5 Types of Sprinkler Systems
Part Two: Sprinkler Performance
16.6 Organization for Thinking
16.7 Agent Application (AA)
16.8 Agent Application Events
16.9 Operational Effectiveness Observations
16.10 Sprinkler Fusing (fac)
16.11 Water Discharge (dac)
16.12 Water Flow Continuity (cac)
16.14 Operational Effectiveness Guidelines
16.15 Analysis and the IPI Chart
16.16 Auxiliary Equipment and Other Conditions
16.17 Partially Sprinklered Buildings
16.18 Fire Department Mutual Aid
16.19 Automatic Suppression
Chapter 17 The Composite Fire
17.4 Theoretical Completeness
Chapter 18 Materials, Codes, Standards, Practices, and Performance
Part One: Building Construction
18.2 The Structural Frame
18.3 Material Behavior in Fires
18.3.3 Concrete Masonry Units
18.3.4 Prestressed Concrete
Part Two: Historical Perspective
18.4 The Built Environment Around World War I
18.5 Structural Practice Around World War I
18.6 A Century of Evolution
18.7 Fire Safety Around World War I
18.8 The Fire Safety Solution
18.9 Building Code Organization for Fire Safety
18.10 Structural Fire Topics Around World War I
18.11 Building Code Observations
Part Three: Fire Endurance Testing
18.12 Fire Test Interpretations
18.13 The Standard Fire Endurance Test
18.14 Fire Endurance Test Discussion
18.17 The Ingberg Correlation
18.18 Room Fire Discussion
18.19 Fire Severity Theories
18.19.3 Pettersson Equation
18.19.4 Normalized Heat Load
18.20 Fire Severity Comparisons
18.22 Estimating Burnout Time
18.23 Influences on Barrier Performance
18.24 Automatic Protection and Barriers
Chapter 19 Concepts in Structural Analysis for Fire Conditions
19.2 Structural Fire Performance
Part One: Building Design
19.3 The Development Process
19.5 Information Technology
Part Two: Structural Engineering and Building Design
19.7 The Rise of Engineering
19.9 The Emergence of Structural Engineering
19.10 A Brief Pause about 1950
19.11 The Great Leap Forward
19.12 Structural Design for Fire Conditions
Part Three: Structural Engineering
19.14.2 Continuous Flexural Members
19.15 Structures and Materials
19.16 Structural Engineering
19.17 Structural Engineering and Building Design
Part Four: Structural Analysis for Fire Conditions
19.20 Pause for Discussion
19.22 Structural Mechanics
19.26 Structural Performance
19.27 Reinforced Concrete
19.28 Mechanical Properties
19.29 Flexural Members in Reinforced Concrete
19.30 Concrete Members at Elevated Temperatures
19.31 Pause for Discussion
Chapter 20 Target Spaces and Smoke
20.3 Tenability Measures for Humans
20.5 Equipment and Data Storage
20.6 Overview of Target Space Analysis
20.8 Barrier Effectiveness
20.9 Mechanical Pressurization
20.10 Fire Department Ventilation
21.2 Human Reaction to Products of Combustion
Chapter 22 Risk Characterizations
22.4 Overview of Life Safety Alternatives
22.5 Prescriptive Code Egress
22.6 Plans Approval for Prescriptive Code Egress
22.7 Overview of Egress Risk Characterizations
22.9 Pre-evacuation Activities
22.10 Pre-evacuation Evaluations
22.14 Fire Department Rescue I
22.15 Risk Characterizations for Life Safety
22.16 Property Protection
22.17 Continuity of Operations
22.18 Threat to Neighboring Exposures
22.19 Threat to Environment
Chapter 23 Fire Prevention
Part One: Prevent Established Burning
23.2.1 Ignition Potential
23.2.2 Initial Fire Growth
23.3 Occupant Extinguishment
23.4 Portable Fire Extinguishers
23.5 Evaluating Extinguisher Effectiveness
Part Two: Automatic Special Hazard Suppression
23.8 Carbon Dioxide Systems
23.10 Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems
23.11 Water-spray Extinguishing Systems
23.12 Fine Water Mist Extinguishing Systems
23.13 Foam Extinguishing Systems
23.14 Explosion Suppression Systems
23.15 Building Evaluations for Special Hazard Installations
Chapter 24 Fire Performance: Framework for Analysis
24.1 Organizational Concepts
24.2 Performance Evaluations
24.3 Analytical Framework
24.4 Fire, Risk, and Buildings
Chapter 25 The Diagnostic Fire
25.4 Bottom-up Scenario Analysis
25.6 Scenario Applications
25.7 Interactive Performance Information (IPI) Chart Applications
Chapter 26 Fire Detection
Part One: Automatic Detection
26.5 Detector Reliability
Part Two: Human Detection
26.6 Concepts in Human Detection Analysis
26.7 Human Detection Analysis
Chapter 27 Fire Department Notification
27.2 The Human Link in Notification
27.3 Human Notification Analysis
27.3.1 The Role of Detection
27.3.2 Initial Scenario Analysis
27.3.3 Information Augmentation
27.5 Automated Notification Analysis
Chapter 28 Fire Department Extinguishment
28.2 Framework for Analysis
28.3 Notification to Arrival
28.4 Fire Department Response
28.5 Arrival to Extinguishment
Chapter 29 Automatic Sprinkler Suppression
29.2 Agent Application (AA)
29.3 Design Effectiveness (AC)
29.3.1 First Sprinkler Fusing (fac)
29.3.2 Multiple Sprinkler Fusing (fac)
29.3.3 Discharge Density (dac)
29.3.4 Water Continuity (cac)
29.3.5 Obstructions (wac)
29.4 Automatic Sprinkler Suppression (A)
29.5 Automatic Sprinkler System Analysis
29.5.1 Role of Performance Analysis
29.5.2 Organizing Performance Analysis
29.5.3 Performance Evaluation
29.6 Sprinkler Reliability
Chapter 30 The Composite Fire
30.2 Event Logic Description
Chapter 31 Structural Performance
31.2 Interactive Performance Information (IPI) Documentation
31.3 IPI Numerical Estimates
Chapter 32 Target Space Smoke Analysis
32.3 Target Room Performance Bounds
Chapter 33 Life Safety Analysis
33.5 Pre-movement Time for Egress
33.5.1 Fire Detection (OD)
33.5.2 Alert Occupants (OA)
33.5.3 Occupants Start Egress (OT)
33.6 Occupant Life Safety (LS)
Chapter 34 Prevent Established Burning
Part One: Established Burning Prevention
34.3 Established Burning Evaluation
34.3.1 Fire Self-termination
34.3.2 Occupant Extinguishment
34.5 Prevent EB: Discussion
Part Two: Special Hazards Protection
34.6 The Role of Special Hazards Suppression
34.7 Framework for Analysis
34.8 Special Hazards Analysis
34.9 Protection Combinations
Part IV Managing Uncertainty
Chapter 35 Understanding Uncertainty
35.2 Window of Uncertainty
35.3 Calibrating Uncertainty
35.4 Degree-of-Belief Estimations
35.5 The Role of the Analytical Framework
35.6 Sprinkler Analysis Networks
35.7 Sprinkler Control (AC)
35.8 Pause to Organize Thoughts
35.9 Calculating Single Value Outcomes
35.11 Cumulative Evaluations
35.12 Sprinkler Reliability (AA)
35.13 Sprinkler System Performance (A)
35.14 Control and Extinguishment
35.15 Sprinkler Performance for a Building
35.19 Sprinklers and the Fire Department
Chapter 36 Visual Thinking
36.4 The Interactive Performance Information (IPI) Chart Relation
36.5 Performance Evaluators
36.6 Reading Performance Curves
36.6.2 Fire Department Notification
36.6.4 Fire Extinguishment
36.8 L Curve Illustration
36.9 Variability and Reliability
Chapter 37 Introduction to Risk Management
37.3 Fire Safety Management
37.4 Decisions and Uncertainty
37.5 Management Applications
Part Two: Information Acquisition
37.9 Understand the Problem
37.10 Describe the Building
37.11 Evaluate Performance
Part Three: Develop a Risk Management Program
37.13 Structure a Risk Management Program
37.14 Evaluate “Prevent EB”
37.15 Evaluate Special Hazards Protection
37.16 Emergency Preparedness
37.18 Prepare the Presentation
Chapter 38 Analytical Foundations
Part One: Logic Diagrams and Networks
38.3 Fault and Success Trees
38.4 Fault and Success Tree Calculations
38.5 Fault and Success Trees Beyond the Room of Origin
38.6 Network Organization
38.7 Network Calculations
38.8 Sequential Path Analysis
38.9 Rooms Beyond the Room of Origin
38.12 Meanings of Probability
38.13 Fire Safety Applications
38.15 Mathematics of Probability
Part Three: The Role of Judgment
38.19 Judgment in Engineering
38.20 Language and Culture
38.21 Uncertainty and Performance
Appendix A Organizational Structure
A.1 TheOrganizational Framework
A.4 TheDiagnostic Fire (Ī)
A.5 FireDepartment Manual Extinguishment
A.8 Notificationto Arrival
A.9 Arrivalto Extinguishment
A.10 AutomaticSprinkler System
A.11 BuildingResponse: Structural Behavior
A.12 BuildingResponse: Space Tenability
A.13 RiskCharacterizations
A.16 PreventEstablished Burning (EB): Occupant Extinguishment
A.17 PreventEB: Special Hazards Protection
Appendix B Model Building
Fire Performance Analysis for Buildings
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