Chapter
1. Historical and Legal Background for Response to Intervention
Concerns about Overall Student Proficiency
Concerns about the Ability–Achievement Discrepancy Approach
Provisions for RTI in IDEA Law and Regulations
RTI as a Component of an Evaluation for SLD
The Four Criteria for SLD
The Observation Requirement
Planning the Comprehensive Evaluation
Establishing Local Evaluation Criteria
Current Status of the Use of RTI in the Comprehensive Evaluation Process
2. Implementing RTI as School Reform: Instructional Prerequisites for Using RTI for Eligibility Decision Making
Key Features of the RTI Infrastructure
Assessing Treatment Integrity
Consideration for Referral for Special Education
Special Education in a Multi-Tier System
The Involvement of Parents in a Multi-Tier System
Administrative Leadership and Support
3. Determining Inadequate Academic Achievement
Statewide and Districtwide Tests
Using Existing Data to Quantify the Extent of the Academic Deficiency: Performing a Benchmark Gap Analysis
Performing a Benchmark Gap Analysis Using CBM
Performing a Benchmark Gap Analysis Using CAT
Conducting Follow-Up Individual Student Assessments
4. Determining Rate of Improvement
Key Terms and Calculation of Benchmark ROI
Full-Year or Midyear Benchmark ROI?
Illustrations from a Non-CBM Measure
Calculating Attained ROI for Progress Monitoring
Illustrations from a Non-CBM Measure
Interpreting ROI: Conducting a Gap Analysis
Progress Monitoring ROI Gap Analysis
Benchmark Gap ROI Analysis
5. Ruling Out Other Conditions
General Procedure for Ruling Out Other Conditions
Limited English Proficiency
Environmental or Economic Disadvantage
6. Ruling Out Inadequate Instruction
Assessing Sufficiency of Tier 1 or Core Instruction
Collecting and Analyzing Screening Data
Assessing Sufficiency of Interventions at Tiers 2 and 3
Assessing and Documenting Treatment Integrity
Documenting Sufficiency of Instruction and Intervention
Sharing Results of Repeated Assessments with Parents
7. The Observation Requirement
Key Behaviors for Observational Assessment
Modified Narrative Observations: The ABC Analysis
Systematic Direct Observation
Logistics of Classroom Observations
Technological Supports for Classroom Observations
Documenting Results of the Observation
8. Parent Involvement in an RTI System
Advising Parents of Results of Universal Screening
What Data to Provide to Parents
Intervention Planning and Follow-Up
Involving Parents on Intervention Teams
Involving Parents in Interventions
Apprising Parents of Their Right to a Full and Individual Evaluation
Seeking Permission to Evaluate
Describing Results of the Comprehensive Evaluation Using RTI
9. Determining Eligibility for Special Education: Pulling All the Pieces Together in a Comprehensive Evaluation
Establishing Qualifications for Eligibility under Criterion 1: Documenting Deficiency in Level
Establishing Points of Comparison
Performing a Benchmark Gap Analysis
Determining the Student’s Qualifications for SLD under Criterion 1
Establishing Qualifications for Eligibility under Criterion 2: Documenting Deficiency in the Student’s Rate of Improvement
Establishing ROIs for Typical Students
Conducting Progress Monitoring ROI and Benchmark ROI Gap Analyses
Determining the Student’s Qualifications for SLD under Criterion 2
Establishing Qualifications for Eligibility under Criterion 3: Documenting the Rule-Out of Other Conditions
Establishing Qualifications for Eligibility under Criterion 4: Documenting the Rule-Out of Lack of Instruction and the Provision of Information on Repeated Assessments to the Parents
Documenting Information Obtained during the Classroom Observation
Determining That the Student Needs Special Education
Discussion of Case Studies
10. Using RTI Data to Build an IEP
Specifying Present Levels of Performance
Designing Specialized Instruction
Identifying and Using Progress Monitoring Measures to Guide Instruction and to Evaluate Annual Progress of Students Receiving Special Education Services
How to Share Results of Special Education Services with School Personnel and Parents
How to Use Instructional Data during the Reevaluation to Determine Continued Eligibility
How to Use Results of Special Education Services to Identify "Red-Flag" Implementation Problems That Can Be Addressed through System Reform
11. Frequently Asked Questions about RTI and SLD
The RTI Approach to Evaluating Learning Disabilities
( The Guilford Practical Intervention in the Schools Series )
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