Chapter
Summary of the Great Debates
Research Methods in Child Development and Education
Specific Approaches to Developmental Research
Summary of Research Methods in Development
and Education
2.
Biological Development
Foundations of Neurological Development
Neurological Development Following Birth
Maturation of the Nervous System
Patterns of Physical Development
Landmarks in Motor Development
Biological Determination of Individual Differences: The Example of Intelligence
Individual Differences in Intelligence:
Heredity and the Environment
Reaction Range: Genotypes and Phenotypes
The Effects of High-Quality Environments on Intelligence
Disruptions of Normal Biological Development
Interventions for Low-Birthweight Children
Biological Risk after Infancy
Biologically Determined Biases and Constraints
Cognitive Capacity Constraints
Hemispheric Specialization
Biological Foundations of Academic Competence
Chapter Summary and Evaluation
3. Cognitive Development: Piaget's Stage Theory
Piaget's Four-Stage Theory
Progress through the Stages
Mechanisms of Cognitive Change
Cognitive Conflict and Overcoming Scientific Misconceptions
Evaluation of Piaget's Theory
Neo-Piagetian Perspectives on Development
Case's Theory of Cognitive Development
Fischer's Theories of Cognitive Development
Moral Judgment: An Approach in the Tradition of Piaget
Piaget's Theory of the Development of Moral Reasoning
Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Reasoning
Education and the Development of Moral Judgment
Constructivist Approaches to Education
Constructivism and Mathematics Education
Alternative Approaches to Constructivism
Chapter Summary and Evaluation
4. Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Theory
Basic Memory Capacities and Mechanisms
Explanations of Developmental Increases in Functional Capacity of Short-Term Memory
Development of Strategy Use in Young Children
Strategy Use by Preschoolers
Development of Strategic Competence in the School Years
Continued Use of Strategies Following Instruction
Monitoring Strategy Effectiveness
Representation of Knowledge
Situated, Distributed Knowledge
Chapter Summary and Evaluation
5. Social Theories of
Development and Learning
Observational Learning of Behaviors and Expectancies
Cognitive Mechanisms of Social Learning
Other Mechanisms of Social Learning
Behavior Modification: Applied Operant Conditioning
Cognitive-Behavior Modification
Development According to Freud: The Psychosexual Stage Theory
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious and Conscious Processing
Psychoanalysis and Education
Evaluation of Freudian Theory
Development According to Erikson: The Psychosocial Stage Theory
Psychosocial Stages of Development
Identity and Identity Crises
Evaluation of Eriksonian Theory
Chapter Summary and Evaluation
6. Sociocultural Theories of
Development and Education
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Approaches to Mind
The Developmental Relationship between Thought and Speech
Development of Sophisticated Thought
Research Validating Sociocultural Positions
The Challenges of Scaffolding and Teaching
as Apprenticeship
Cultural Differences and Their Implications for Classroom Practice
Macroethnographic Analyses
Microethnographic Research
Cross-Cultural Differences and the Testing
of Minority Students
Cross-Cultural Insights about the Effects of Schooling on Cognitive Development
Chapter Summary and Evaluation
Part II. Key Topics in Child Development and Education
7. Language Development
and Linguistic Diversity
Biological Foundations of Language
Left-Hemisphere Involvement in Language
Genetic Studies of Language Functioning
Critical Periods for Language Development
Speed of Acquisition Relative to the Amount of Input for Language Development
Prelinguistic Development: Speech Perception and Production
Concluding Comment on First-Language Development
Bilingual Language Development
Bilingualism and Cognitive Development
The Nature and Effects of Education
on Bilingual Students
Semantic (Vocabulary) Impairments
Oral Communication versus Sign Language Debate
Cognitive Differences in Deaf
and Hearing-Normal Individuals
Chapter Summary and Evaluation
8. Intelligence and Individual Differences
in Academic Competence
Questions Educators Should Ask about Tests
Wechsler Intelligence Scales
Other Intelligence Tests for Children
Group Measures of Intelligence
Intellectual Competencies across the Lifespan
Cattell and Horn's Theory of Intelligence
across the Lifespan
Continuing Debates about the Nature of Intelligence
Differences in Test Performance
Related to Socioeconomic Level
Other Potential Sources of Test Bias
Other Students at Risk for School Difficulties
and Failure
Chapter Summary and Evaluation
9. The Development
of Academic Motivation
Why Does Academic Motivation Decline with Increasing Grade in School?
Attributions for Success and Failure
Overjustification Effects
Promoting Motivation in School
Making Academic Tasks More Interesting
Nurturing Possible Selves
How Do Really Motivating Teachers Motivate Their Students?
Contextual Determination of Academic Motivation
Microsystem–Macrosystem Interactions
Biological Contextual Effects
Role of the Individual Child
Chapter Summary and Evaluation
10. Family and Peer Relationships
The Child's First Relationship: Adult–Infant Attachment
Infant Cognitive Development and Attachment
Measurement of Attachment: The Strange Situation
Other Measures of Attachment
The Nature of Maternal Responsiveness
Attachment and Subsequent Social Relations
Attachment and Subsequent Cognitive Interactions
Family and Development after Infancy
Specific Socialization Mechanisms
Beyond the Family: Peer Relationships
Development of Peer Relations
Development of Social-Cognitive Abilities
Popular and Unpopular Children
Parental and Peer Pressures
Why Have Friends?: The Developmental Significance
of Friendship
How Does Daycare Affect Social and Academic Development?
The Characteristics Determining the Quality of Daycare
Daycare Effects on Attachment
Daycare Effects on Cognitive Competence
Daycare for School-Age Children
How Do Social Relationships Affect Academic Achievement?
Chapter Summary and Evaluation
11.
Gender Role Development
Gender Stereotypes versus Gender Differences
Social and Personality Differences
Theoretical Explanations of Gender Differences
Social Learning Theories of Gender Role Development
Motivation and Gender Differences in Academic Performance
Expectancies about Academic Success
and Reactions to Failures
Societal, Parental, and Teacher Input and Reactions
Chapter Summary and Evaluation
12. Recognizing and Understanding Student
Mental Health Problems
The Quantity and Quality of the Problem Behavior
The Context in Which the Problem Behavior Occurs
The "It's Probably Not a Zebra!" Issue
What's an Educator to Do?
Psychological Problems Often First Detected in Early Childhood
Pervasive Developmental Disorders
What Can Teachers Do When Working with Children
with PDDs?
Psychological Problems Present during the Elementary-School Years
What Can Teachers Do to Attend to Children's Anxiety?
Disruptive Behavior Disorders
What Can Teachers Do to Assess and Intervene
for Disruptive Behavior Disorders?
Psychological Problems That Are Prevalent during Adolescence
Adolescent Substance Misuse
What Can Teachers Do to Support and Assist
Troubled Adolescents?
Chapter Summary and Evaluation
13. Integrative Review
of Major Concepts
The Major Periods of Development
Summary and Concluding Comment
Mechanisms of Development and the Determinants of Individual Differences
Summary and Concluding Comment
Child and Adolescent Development for Educators
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