Encyclopedia of Football Medicine: Volume 2: Injury Diagnosis and Treatment

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

Foreword

Preface

1 Overview of Football Injuries

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The Value of Statistics to the Team and the Team Doctor

1.3 What Is the Risk of Sustaining an Injury?

1.4 What Does This Reveal about Injury Risk at Different Levels of the Game?

1.5 Has the Risk of Injury Increased or Decreased in Recent Years?

1.6 How Are Injuries Distributed over the Football Season?

1.7 When Do Injuries Most Commonly Occur during Matches?

1.8 Which Types of Injury Are Most Common in Football?

1.9 Returning to Play after an Injury

1.10 Which Injuries Have the Highest Risk of Recurrence?

1.11 Foul-Play Injuries

1.12 Noncontact Match Injuries

1.13 Differences in Injury Risk across Europe

1.14 Injuries and Playing on Artificial Turf

1.15 Does Winning or Losing Affect Injury Risk?

2 Managing Injuries in Competitive Situations: The Laws of the Game

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Rules and Regulations

2.2.1 Law 1—The Field of Play

2.2.2 Law 2—The Ball

2.2.3 Law 4—The Players’ Equipment

2.2.4 Interpretation of Law 4 and Guidelines for Referees

2.2.5 Law 5—The Referee

2.2.6 Law 12—Fouls and Misconduct

2.3 Laws, Referees, and the Football Doctor

2.3.1 Injuries Should Only Be Assessed on the Field of Play, Being Treated Off the Field of Play

2.3.2 UEFA Medical Regulations

2.4 The Risk of Underestimating the Seriousness of Injuries during Matches

2.5 Experience of Injuries at UEFA EUROs and Youth Tournaments

2.6 Summary

3 Muscle Epidemiology and Injury Mechanisms

3.1 Epidemiology of Muscle Injuries

3.1.1 How Common Are Muscle Injuries?

3.1.2 Injury Risk during Matches

3.1.3 Muscle Injuries and Age

3.1.4 Variations in Injury Risk during Matches

3.1.5 Variations in Injury Risk over a Season

3.1.6 Developments in Injury Risk over the Last Decade

3.1.7 Artificial Turf

3.1.8 Location of Muscle Injuries in Football Players

3.1.9 Contact versus Noncontact Situations

3.1.10 Severity of Muscle Injuries and Length of Layoffs

3.1.11 Reinjuries

3.1.12 Hamstring Injuries

3.1.13 Quadriceps Injuries

3.2 Terminology and Clinical Categorization of Muscle Injuries

3.2.1 Functional Muscle Disorders

3.2.2 Structural Muscle Disorders

3.2.3 Examination Procedures

3.2.4 Most Muscle Injuries Are Not Ruptures

3.2.5 Radiological Grading Is Strongly Correlated with Layoff Times

3.2.6 What Is the Practical Benefit of This Information for Doctors?

4 Examination and Treatment of Muscle Injuries

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Considerations in the Diagnosis of Injury

4.2.1 Indirect Injuries

4.2.2 Direct Injuries

4.3 Examination of Muscle Injuries

4.3.1 Medical History/Symptoms

4.3.2 Inspection, Clinical Examination, Functional Testing, and Location of Injury

4.3.3 Palpation

4.3.4 Location of Injury

4.3.5 Lumbar Spine/Referred Pain

4.4 Imaging

4.4.1 Ultrasonography

4.4.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

4.5 Treatment of Muscle Injuries

4.5.1 Immediate Management of Muscle Injuries

4.5.2 Immobilization/Taping

4.5.3 Injection Therapy

4.5.4 Treatment of Back-Related Muscle Disorders

4.5.5 Treatment of Muscle Contusions

4.5.6 Physiotherapy

4.5.7 Rehabilitation monitoring and Return to Play

4.5.8 Surgery

4.6 Prevention of Muscle Injuries

4.7 Summary

5 Groin Injuries

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Groin Anatomy

5.3 Clinical Examination

5.3.1 Visual Inspection

5.3.2 Evaluation of Range of Motion

5.3.3 Impingement Tests

5.3.4 Muscle Strength Tests

5.3.5 Palpation

5.3.6 Local Neurological Examination

5.3.7 Other Groin-Specific Tests

5.4 Radiological Examination

5.5 Groin Strains

5.5.1 Adductor Tears

5.5.2 Iliopsoas Tears

5.5.3 Abdominal Muscle Strains

5.5.4 Other Muscle Tears in the Groin Area

5.6 Cartilage and Labrum Injuries

5.6.1 Cartilage Injuries

5.6.2 Labral Tears

5.7 Long-Standing Groin Pain

5.7.1 Adductor-Related Groin Pain

5.7.2 Iliopsoas-Related Groin Pain

5.7.3 Pubic-Related Groin Pain

5.7.4 Inguinal-Related Groin Pain

5.7.5 Hip-Related Groin Pain

5.7.6 Other Conditions Causing Groin Pain

6 Knee Injuries

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Knee Anatomy

6.3 Clinical Examination

Information Relating to the Point of Injury

Other Information

6.3.1 Visual Inspection

6.3.2 Evaluation of Range of Motion

6.3.3 Muscle Strength Tests

6.3.4 Palpation

6.3.5 Laxity Tests

6.3.6 Meniscus Tests

6.3.7 Patellofemoral Tests

6.3.8 Other Tests

6.4 Joint Aspiration

6.5 Radiological Examination

6.6 Knee Sprains

6.6.1 Collateral Ligament Injuries

6.6.2 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries

6.6.3 Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries

6.7 Meniscus and Cartilage Injuries

6.7.1 Meniscus Injuries

6.7.2 Cartilage Injuries

6.8 Dislocations

6.8.1 Patellar Dislocation

6.9 Tendon Ruptures

6.9.1 Patellar Tendon Rupture

6.10 Overuse Syndromes

6.10.1 Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

6.10.2 Tendinopathy

6.10.3 Apophysitis

6.10.4 Iliotibial Band Syndrome

6.10.5 Synovitis

6.10.6 Bursitis

7 Ankle Injuries

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Ankle Anatomy

7.3 Clinical Examination

7.3.1 Visual Inspection

7.3.2 Evaluation of Range of Motion

7.3.3 Muscle Strength Tests

7.3.4 Palpation

7.3.5 Laxity Tests

7.3.6 Other Tests

7.4 Radiological Examination

7.5 Ankle Sprains

7.5.1 Lateral Ligament Injuries

7.5.2 Medial Ligament Injuries

7.5.3 Syndesmotic Injuries

7.6 Cartilage Injuries

Epidemiology and Diagnostics

Treatment and Return to Play

Prognosis

7.7 Tendon Ruptures

7.7.1 Achilles Tendon Rupture

7.7.2 Peroneal Tendon Rupture

7.8 Tendon Dislocations

7.8.1 Peroneal Tendon Dislocation

7.9 Overuse Syndromes

7.9.1 Tendinopathy

7.9.2 Anterior Ankle Impingement Syndrome

7.9.3 Posterior Ankle Impingement Syndrome

7.9.4 Synovitis

8 Overuse Injuries

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis

8.3 Clinical Examination

8.4 Radiological Examination

8.5 Treatment of Overuse Syndromes

8.5.1 Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

8.6 Stress Fractures

8.6.1 Hip and Pelvis

8.6.2 Lower Leg

8.6.3 Fifth Metatarsal

8.6.4 Other Stress Fractures of the Foot

8.7 Other Overuse Conditions Affecting the Lower Leg

8.7.1 Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome

8.7.2 Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome

8.7.3 Paratenonitis

8.7.4 Accessory Soleus Muscle

8.7.5 Peroneal Tunnel Syndrome

Index