COVER

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Nomenclatural history of the genus

Type species

Trends in the taxonomy of ikrupum

Classification

Sub-generic classification

Super-generic classification

SUMMARY OF TYPE MATERIAL

Background

Designation of lcctotypes

France

Germany

America

England

Philippines

Australia

Africa

Russia

Austria

Italy

India

FOSSIL RECORD

Distribution of fossil assemblages

Fossil species

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOLOGY

Soft structures

Colouration

Skeleton and growth

Gastrovascular system

Gonads

General

Female gonads and oocytes

Testes and spermatozoa

Sexual reproduction

General

Fertilisation and development

Reproductive effort and fecundity

Hybridisation

Asexual reproduction

Ecology

General

Zonation patterns

Life histories

Recruitment

Maturation and senescence

Mortality

Associations and iIlteractions

Diseases

GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

General

Chromosome number

Genetic characters

Evolutionary signature of hybridisation

SKELETAL MORPHOLOGY

General

Terminology

Recognition of juvenile Acropora colonies

Colony form

General

Nomenclature of colony forms

Corallites

Axial corallites

Radial corallites

Coenosteum

Variations in morphology

METHODS USED FOR REVISION AND ANALYSES

The Worldwide Acropora Database

Locations

Sampling and database protoco

Mapping of distributions for species descriptions

Format of synonymies

Citation of localities for material examined

Characters used in descriptions of species

Biogeographic analyses

Phylogenetic analyses

Development of a LucID interactive key

Photo library of type specimens

REVISION OF THE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF ACROPORA

Background

Groupings of records

Species composition of areas, regions and super regions

Similarities between areas and regions

Types of distributions exhibited by species

Distribution characteristics of the fauna of areas and regions

REVISION OF THE PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION OF ACROPORA

Background

Methodology

Taxa

Characters

Programs

Phylogeny of the family Acroporidae

Phylogeny of the genus Acropora

Cladograms

Clades

Species groupings in the subgenus Acropora

General

Monophyletic groups

Paraphyletic groups

Misplaced species

Patterns of character transformation in Acropora phylogeny

General

Colony form and branches

Skeletal density

Coenosteal characteristics

Radial corallites

Axial corallites

Summary of transformations and relationships of species groups

SYNTHESIS OF BIOGEOGRAPHIC, FOSSIL AND PHYLOGENETIC DATA

Evidence for the origination and evolution of Acropora

General

Cladograms in terms of habitat

Cladograms in terms of fossil history

Cladograms in terms of the biogeographic patterns

Chronology of the origination of clades

Hypothesis

Colour Plates

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF SPECIES

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE VERRILL, 1901

GENUS ACROPORA OKEN, I 8 I 5

TYPE SPECIES MILLEPORA MURlCATA LINNEAUS, 1758

SUBGENUS ACROPORA OKEN, 18 I 5

The Acropora mdis group

Acropora (Acropora) rudis (Rehberg, 1892)

Acropora (Acropora) vmiolosa (Klunzinger, 1879)

Acropora (Acropora) austera (Dana, ]846)

Acropora (Acropora) hernprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834)

The Acropora humilis group

Acropora (Acropora) humilis (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Acropora) globiceps (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Acropora) gemmifera (Brook, 1892)

Acropora (Acropora) monticulosa (Briiggemann, 1879)

Acropora (Acropora) samoensis (Brook, 1891)

Acropora (Acropora) digitifera (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Acropora) multiacuta Nemenzo, 1967

Acropora (Acropora) retusa (Dana, 1846)

The Acropora nasuta group

Acropora (Acropora) nasuta (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Acropora) cerealis (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Acropora) valida (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Acropora) arabensis Hodgson & Carpenter, 1995

Acropora (Acropora) secale (Studer, 1878)

Acropora (Acropora) lutkeni Crossland, 1952

Acropora (Acropora) kimbeensis sp. nov.

The Acropora divaricata group

Acropora (Acropora) divaricata (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Acropora) solitaryensis Veron & Wallace, 1984

Acropora (Acropora) kosuriniWallace, 1994

Acropora (Acropora) hoeksemai Wallace, 1997

Acropora (Acropora) clathrata (Brook, 1891)

The Acropora lovelli group

Acropora (Acropora) lovelli Veron & Wallace, 1984

Acropora (Acropora) bushyensis Veron & Wallace, 1984

Acropora (Acropora) glauca (Brook, 1893)

The Acropora verweyi group

Acropora (Acropora) verweyi Veron & Wallace, 1984

The Acropora cervicornis group

Acropora (Acropora) cervicornis (Lamarck, 1816)

Acropom (Acropora) palmata (Lamarck, 1816)

Acropora (Acropora) prolifera (Lamarck, 1816)

The Acropora muricata group

Acropora (Acropom) muricata (Linneaus, 1758)

Acropom (4cropora) grandis (Brook, 1892)

Acropom (Acropom) acwninata (Verrill, 1864)

Acropora (Acropora) valenciennesi (Edwards & Baime, 1860)

Acropom (Acropom) phamonis (Edwards & Bairne, 1860)

The Acropora robusta group

Acropom (Acmpora) robusta (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (itGropora) abrotanoides (Lamarck, 1816)

Acropom (Acropora) palrnerae Wells, 1954

Acmpora (Acmpora) intennedia (Brook, 1891)

Acropora (ilcropora) polystoma (Brook, 1891)

Acropora (Acropora) downingi sp. nov.

Acropora (Acmpora) listeri (Brook, 1893)

Acropora (Acropora) sukarnoi Wallace, 1997

The Acropora togianensis group

Acropora (Acropora) togianensisWallace, 1997

The Acropora selago group

Acropora (Acropora) selago (Studer, 1878)

Acropora (Acropora) tenuis (Dana, 1846)

Acmpora (Acmpora) eurystorna (Klunzinger, 1879)

Acropora (Acropora) striata (Verrill, 1866)

Acropora (Acropora) doneiVeron & Wallace, 1984

Acropora (Acropora) yongei Veron & Wallace, 1984

Acropora (Acropora) loisetleae Wallace, 1994

Acmpora (Acropora) dendrurn (Bassett-Smith, 1890)

The Acropora aspera group

Acropora (Acropora) aspera (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Acropora) pulchra (Brook, 1891)

Acropora (Acropora) mill.epora (Ehrenberg, 1834)

Acropora (Acropora) spatkulata (Brook, 1891)

Acropora (Acmpora) spicifera (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Acropora) papillare Latypov, 1992

Acropora (Acropora) roseni sp. nov.

The Acropora florida group

Acropora (Acropora) florida (Dana, 1846)

Acropom (Acropora) sarrnenlosa (Brook, 1892)

The Acropora hyacinthus group

Acropora (Acropora) hyacinthus (Dana, 1846)

Acropom (Acropora) tanegashirnensis Veron, 1990

Acropora (Acropora) anlhocercis (Brook, 1893)

Acropora (Acropora) cytherea (Dana, 1846)

Acropom (Acropora) microclados (Ehrenberg, 1834)

A.cropom (Acropora) paniculala Verrill, 1902

Acropom (Acropora) indonesia Wallace, 1997

The Acropora latistella group

Acropora (Acropora) latistella (Brook, 1892)

Acropora (Acropora) subulata (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Acropora) nana (Studer, 1878)

Acropora (Acropora) aculeus (Dana, 1846)

The Acropora horrida group

Acropora (Acropora) horrida (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Acropora) vaughaniWdls, 1954

Acropora (Acropora) tortuosa (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Acropora) abrolhosensis Veron, 1985

Acropora (Acropora) microphthatma (Verrill, 1869)

Acropora (Acropora) kintyae Veron & Wallace, 1984

Acropora (Acropora) derawanensis Wallace, 1997

Acropora (Acropora) halmaherae Wallace &Wolstenbolme, 1998

The Acropora (Acropora) plumosa group

Acropora (Acropora) plumosa Wallace & Wolstenholme, 1998

The Acropora elegam group

Acropora (Acropora) elegans (Edwards & Haime, 1860)

Acropora (Acropora) pichoni sp. nov.

Acropora (Acropora) tenella (Brook, 1892)

Acropora (Acropora) walindii sp. nov.

Acropora (Acropora) canlenaeWells, 1985

Acropora (Acropora) torihalimeda Wallace, 1994

Acropora (Acropora) russelliWallace, 1994

The Acropora toripes group

Acropora (Acropora) lerripes (Brook, 1892)

Acropora (Acropora) squarrosa (Eherenberg, 1834)

Acropom (Acmpora) chesterfieldensis Veron & Wallace, 1984

Acropora (Acropora) millisae Veron & Wallace, 1984

Acropora (Acropora) lohaniWallacc, 1994

Acropora (Acropora) granulosa (Edwards & Haime, 1860)

Acropora (Acropora) speciosa (Quelch, ] 886)

Acropora (Acropora) suharsonoi Wallace, 1994

Acropora (Acropora) caTOliniana Nemenzo, 1976

Acropora (Acropora) desalwiiWallace, 1994

Acropora (Acropora) jacquelineae Wallace, 1994

Acropora (Acropora) simplex Wallace & Wolstenholme, 1998

The Acropora echinata group

Acropora (Acropora) echinata (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Acropora) batunai Wallace, 1997

Acropora (Acropom) subglabra (Brook, 1891)

Acropora (Acropora) ca'/"duus (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Acropora) ami Wallace & Wolstenholme, 1998

Acropora (Acropora) elseyi (Brook, 1892)

Acropora (Acropom) longicyathus (Edwards & Haime, 1860)

Acropora (Acropora) turahi Wallace, 1994

SUBGENUS ISOPORA STUDER, 1878

Acropora (Isopora) palifera (Lamarck, 1816)

Acropora (Isopora) cuneata (Dana, 1846)

Acropora (Isopora) crateriformis (Gardiner, 1898)

Acropora (Isopora) brueggemanni (Brook, 1893)

INSERTAE SEDIS ACROPORA SQUAMATA LATYPOV, 1992

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

GLOSSARY

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J

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ABBREVIATIONS

INDEX

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

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M

N

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Z

SPECIES INDEX

Acroplfra

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Aslrea

P

Heteropora

A

D

F

H

I

M

R

S

T

Madrepora

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

Millepora

M