Chapter
4.1 Rearing the milk-fed calf
4.1.2 Early rumen development
4.2 A successful early weaning program
4.2.2 Concentrate quality
4.2.3 The high cost of milk rearing
4.3 Scours in milk-fed calves
4.3.2 Causes of nutritional scours
4.4 Management of weaned replacement heifers
4.5 Targets for replacement heifers
4.5.3 Age of teeth eruption
4.5.4 Energy and protein requirements for heifers
4.5.5 Feeding heifers to achieve target live weights
5
The principles of dairy nutrition
5.1 Nutrients supplied by feeds
5.1.1 Describing feed energy
5.1.2 Describing feed protein
5.1.3 Describing feed fibre
5.2 Nutrients contained in feeds
5.3 Predicting cow performance from nutrient intakes
5.4.1 From calving to peak lactation
5.4.2 Peak lactation to peak intake
5.4.3 Mid and late lactation
5.5 Proportion of productive cows in the milking herd
6
Feeding management of the milking herd
6.1 How cows respond to supplements
6.1.1 Deceasing marginal responses
6.1.2 Immediate and delayed milk responses
6.1.3 Guidelines for temperate grazing dairy systems
6.2 Milk:concentrate ratios in production rations
6.3 Problems with unbalanced diets
6.3.1 Some indicators of unbalanced diets
6.3.2 Metabolic disorders and unbalanced diets
6.3.5 Other feed additives
6.3.6 Troubleshooting feeding problems
6.3.7 Monitoring manure consistency
6.4 Optimum stocking capacity
7
Disease prevention and control
7.1 Physical attributes of healthy and sick cows
7.1.1 Other tools to diagnose diseases
7.2.3 Nutritional and metabolic diseases
7.3 Managing dairy herd health
7.3.1 The importance of good record keeping
7.3.2 Nursing and support
7.3.4 Responsible drug handling
7.3.5 Biosecurity when purchasing new stock
7.3.6 Animal and human health
7.4 Health and reproductive performance
7.5.1 Assessing cow lameness
7.6.2 The importance of the teat
7.6.3 Environmental mastitis
7.6.4 Contagious mastitis
7.6.6 California mastitis test (CMT)
7.6.7 The role of mastitis therapy
7.6.10 Preventing mastitis
7.6.11 Recommended milking procedures
7.6.12 Recommendations for milking machines
7.6.13 Controlling mastitis
7.6.15 Establishing goals
8
Reproductive management
8.1 Measures of reproductive performance
8.1.1 Collecting permanent records on each cow
8.1.2 The fertility timetable for the milking cow
8.1.3 Introducing 100 day-in-calf and 200 day-not-in-calf rat
8.2 Non-nutritional factors affecting reproduction
8.2.1 Heat detection in tropical herds only using AI
8.3 Nutritional influences on reproduction
8.3.1 Energy intakes and balance
8.4 Implications for herd and feeding management
8.4.1 A simplified system for feeding management
8.4.2 Management in late lactation
8.4.4 Management during the transition period
8.4.6 Intakes of minerals
8.5 Putting it all together – a plan for success
8.5.1 Setting priorities to address fertility issues
8.5.2 Some important decisions to make
9.1 Problems with exotic genotypes
9.1.1 Jerseys versus Friesians in the tropics
9.1.2 Genotype by environment interactions
9.2 Specially bred tropical dairy genotypes
9.3 Breeding decisions to be made on the farm
10
Managing stock surplus to the milking herd
10.4 Imported cows in lactation anoestrus
11.1 The five basic freedoms of livestock
11.2 The six basic elements of stock welfare
11.2.1 Facilities and equipment
11.2.2 Provision of feed and water
11.2.4 Humane destruction
11.2.6 Preparation, selection, sale and transport of stock
11.3 Other general principles of stock welfare
11.3.1 Problems of confinement
11.4 Australian welfare codes for calves
11.4.3 Management practices
11.4.4 Transportation of calves
12
Environmental management
12.1 Heat stress in milking cows
12.1.1 Symptoms of heat stress
12.2 The Temperature Humidity Index
12.2.1 Adverse effects of heat stress
12.3 Management practices to minimise heat stress
12.3.1 Clinical signs of heat stress
12.3.2 Monitoring respiration rates
12.3.5 Allowing cows outside overnight
12.3.6 Feeding management
13.1 Housing the milking herd
13.1.1 Building for the cow
13.1.4 Tie stalls or loose housing?
13.1.5 Free stalls or open lounging?
13.1.6 Free stall layouts
13.1.8 Considerations in flooring
13.2 Feeding the milking herd
13.2.2 Feed troughs and feeding strips
13.2.4 Preparing concentrate mixtures
13.3 Additional features of dairy shed design
13.3.1 Additional health facilities
13.3.2 Housing for young stock
13.3.4 Outdoor area for night-time
13.3.5 Stock-handling facilities
13.3.6 Storage of veterinary drugs and other dairy equipment
13.3.7 Bull pen and mating yard
13.4.1 Designs of milking parlours
13.4.2 Milk room and cooler
13.5 Sanitation and effluent management
13.5.1 Effluent as a liability
13.5.2 Effluent disposal systems
13.6 A checklist for planning dairy sheds
14
Milk harvesting and hygiene
14.1 Measures of milk composition and quality
14.2 The science of milk quality
14.2.1 Factors influencing the growth of bacteria
14.2.2 The principles of cleaning and sanitising dairy equipment
14.3 Management practices for good milking hygiene
14.3.1 Health and personal hygiene
14.3.2 Environmental hygiene
14.3.3 Milking procedures and milk handling
14.4 Milking machine function and maintenance
14.4.1 Milking machine components
14.4.2 Testing milking machines
14.4.3 Routine maintenance
15.1 A case study of adding value to raw milk in Indonesia
15.1.1 Constraints for cottage industries to add value to raw milk
16
The business of small holder dairy farming
16.1 What is good farm business management?
16.1.1 Production technology
16.1.3 Business management
16.2 Making the best use of service providers
16.3 Breaking down costs on small holder dairy farms
17 Conducting famer
workshops on improved herd management
17.1 Planning farmer workshops
17.1.1 Workshop objectives
17.1.2 Developing a workshop program
17.2 Associated farm visits
18
Assessing current farm management practices
18.1 Using current cow milk yields to assess adequacy of the current farm management
18.1.1 Other factors to consider
18.2 A checklist to assess current farm management practices
18.2.2 Feeding management
18.2.5 Milking management
18.2.6 General farm management
18.3 Grading farmer skills
18.3.1 Objective criteria
18.3.2 Subjective criteria
19
Tips and traps in managing high grade dairy stock
Appendix 1: Temperature Humidity Index
Appendix 2: Abbreviations and conversion of units of measurements
Appendix 3: Expectation and evaluation forms for workshop
Appendix 4: Indonesian dairy small holder pamphlet
References and further reading
Managing High Grade Dairy Cows in the Tropics
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