About the Editors

Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series

Preface to Volume 17

Contents

Contributors to Volume 17

Titles of Volume 1–44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series

Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series

1. The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Lead in the Context of Its Toxicity

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Lead Chemistry with Regard to Biochemistry

3. History and Manufacturing of Lead-Containing Materials

4. Safe Levels of Exposures?

5. Regulatory Levels for Lead in Water, Food, and Air

6. Transport in Blood and Cellular Uptake

7. Lead Toxicity

8. Cellular and Molecular Actions

9. General Conclusions

Acknowledgment

Abbreviations

References

2. Biogeochemistry of Lead. Its Release to the Environment and Chemical Speciation

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Geochemistry of Lead

3. Mobilization of Lead

4. Lead in the Atmosphere

5. Lead in the Terrestrial and Freshwater Environment

6. Lead in Ocean Waters

7. Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgement

Abbreviations and Definitions

References

3. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Lead in the Environment

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Sampling

3. Spectrophotometry

4. X-ray Fluorescence

5. Electrochemical Methods

6. Atomic Spectroscopy

7. Speciation

Abbreviations

References

4. Smart Capsules for Lead Removal from Industrial Wastewater

Abstract

1. Lead Ion Separation from Wastewater

2. Encapsualtion Technology

3. Alginate-Based Capsules

4. Carbon Nanotubes Core-in-Hematite Capsules

5. Polymer Swelling Capsules

6. General Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations and Definitions

References

5. Lead Speciation in Microorganisms

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Intracellular Metal Speciation Techniques

3. Intracellular Metal Localization Techniques

4. Lead Speciation in Microorganisms

5. Remaining Questions and Future Directions

Acknowledgment

Abbreviations

References

6. Human Biomonitoring of Lead Exposure

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Pharmacokinetics

3. Biomarkers of Exposure

4. Biomarkers of Effect

5. Conclusions

Abbreviations and Definitions

References

7. Solid State Structures of Lead Complexes with Relevance for Biological Systems

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Amino Acid, Small-Peptide, and Protein Complexes

3. Nucleic Acid Constituent Complexes

4. Simple-Carbohydrate Complexes

5. Complexes of Other Biorelevant Ligands

6. Concluding Remarks

Abbreviations

References

8. Lead(II) Complexes of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Other Related Ligands of Biological Interest

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Complexation of Lead(II)

3. Lead(II) Complexes of Amino Acids and Derivatives

4. Lead(II) Complexes of Hydroxamic Acids, Related Small Ligands, and Hydroxamic Acid Derivatives of Amino Acids

5. Complexes of Lead(II) with Small Peptides and Related Ligands

6. Complexes of Lead(II) with Thiol-Rich Natural Peptides

7. Factors Determining Lead Selectivity against Zinc, Calcium or Cadmium

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations and Definitions

References

9. Lead(II) Binding in Metallothioneins

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Metallothioneins and Toxic Metals

3. Metallothioneins and Lead

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

References

10. Lead(II) Binding in Natural and Artificial Proteins

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Lead in Natural Systems

3. Lead Chemistry with Designed Proteins

4. General Conclusions

Acknowledgment

Abbreviations and Definitions

References

11. Complex Formation of Lead(II) with Nucleotides and Their Constituents

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Comparisons of the Properties of Lead(II) with Those of Related Divalent Metal Ions

3. Lead(II) Interactions with Hydroxyl Groups and Sugar Residues

4. Interactions of Lead(II) with Nucleobase Residues

5. Complexes of Lead(II) with Phosphates

6. Lead(II) Complexes of Nucleotides

7. Lead(II) Binding in Dinucleotides

8. Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgment

Abbreviations and Definitions

References

12. The Role of Lead(II) in Nucleic Acids

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Relevant Properties of Lead(II) in Comparison to Other Divalent Metal Ions

3. Structures of Lead(II) Binding Sites in Nucleic Acids

4. Lead(II) as Hydrolytic Cleavage Agent to Probe Divalent Metal Ion Binding Sites and Single-Stranded RNA Regions

5. Lead(II) as Catalytic and Structural Metal Ion

6. Concluding Remarks and Future Directions

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations and Definitions

References

13. Historical View on Lead: Guidelines and Regulations

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Historical Views on Lead Toxicity

3. Development of Guidelines and Regulations in the U. S

4. Development of Guidelines and Regulations Around the World

5. Conclusion

Abbreviations

References

14. Environmental Impact of Alkyl Lead(IV) Derivatives: Perspective after Their Phase-out

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. The Past

3. Current Uses

4. Chemistry

5. After the Phase-Out

6. Lessons and Perspectives

Abbreviations

References

15. Lead Toxicity in Plants

Abstract

1. Introduction: Environmental Relevance of Lead Toxicity in Plants

2. Critical Review of Proposed Mechanisms of Lead Toxicity in Plants

3. Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

References

16. Toxicology of Lead and Its Damage to Mammalian Organs

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Neurotoxicity of Lead

3. Immuno- and Hematotoxicity of Lead

4. Nephrotoxicity of Lead

5. Reproductive Toxicity of Lead

6. Osteotoxicity of Lead

7. Epidemiological Studies and Variables Associated with Low Blood Lead Levels

8. Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

References

Subject Index