Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

About the Companion Website

Chapter 1 The Head, Neck, and Vertebral Column

1.1 Skull

1.2 Mandible

1.3 Paranasal Sinuses

1.4 Vertebral Column

1.5 Teeth and Age Estimation of Cattle and Small Ruminants (Goats and Sheep)

1.5.1 Definitions and Criteria for Estimating the Age of Ruminants

1.5.2 Steps for Estimating the Age of Cattle

1.6 Joints of the Head

1.6.1 Temporomandibular Joint

1.6.2 Atlantooccipital Joint

1.6.3 Mandibular Symphysis

1.6.4 Vertebral Joints

1.7 Muscles of the Head

1.7.1 Cutaneous Muscles

1.7.2 Muscles of Facial Expression

1.7.3 Muscles of Mastication

1.7.4 Pharyngeal Muscles

1.7.4.1 Nomenclature of Pharyngeal Muscles

1.7.5 Laryngeal Muscles

1.7.6 Hyoid Muscles

1.7.7 Lingual Muscles

1.7.8 Extraocular Muscles

1.8 Blood Vessels, Lymph Nodes, and Nerves of the Head

1.8.1 Blood Vessels (Arteries and Veins)

1.8.1.1 Arteries of the Head

1.8.1.2 Veins of the Head

1.8.2 Lymph Nodes of the Head and Neck

1.8.3 Nerves of the Head

1.8.3.1 Summary of Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

1.9 Salivary Glands

1.10 The Pharynx

1.10.1 Oropharynx

1.10.2 Nasopharynx

1.10.3 Laryngopharynx

1.11 Tongue

1.12 The Larynx and Hyoid Apparatus

1.12.1 Larynx

1.12.2 Hyoid Apparatus

1.13 The Eye

1.13.1 Superficial Features of the Eye

1.13.2 Layers of the Eye

1.13.3 Sectioning of the Eyeball

1.13.3.1 Chambers of the Eye

1.13.4 Drainage Pathway of the Aqueous Humor

1.14 Neck Skeleton

1.15 Neck Muscles, Nerves, and Vessels

1.15.1 Neck Muscles

1.15.1.1 Superficial Neck Muscles

1.15.1.1.1 Brachiocephalicus Muscle

1.15.1.1.2 Omotransversarius Muscle

1.15.1.1.3 Trapezius Muscle

1.15.1.1.4 Sternocephalicus Muscle

1.15.1.1.5 Sternothyroideus and Sternohyoideus Muscles

1.15.1.2 Deep Neck Muscles

1.15.2 Nerves of the Neck

1.15.3 Blood Vessels of the Neck

1.16 Nuchal Ligament

1.17 Surface Topography (Head and Neck)

1.18 Lab ID List for the Head and Neck

Chapter 2 The Thorax

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Bones of the Thorax

2.3 Thoracic Inlet

2.4 Basal Border of the Lung and Area for Lung Auscultation

2.5 Diaphragmatic Line of Pleural Reflection

2.6 Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

2.7 Pleura

2.7.1 Parietal Pleura

2.7.2 Visceral Pleura

2.7.3 Connecting Pleura

2.7.4 Content of the Pleural Cavity

2.7.5 Lung Lobes

2.7.6 Mediastinum

2.8 Vessels (Arteries and Veins)

2.8.1 Blood Circulation: An Overview

2.9 Major Veins of the Thorax

2.9.1 Cranial Vena Cava

2.9.2 Caudal Vena Cava

2.9.3 Azygos Veins (Left and Right)

2.10 Major Arteries of the Thorax

2.10.1 Brachiocephalic Trunk

2.10.2 Costocervical Trunk

2.10.3 Vertebral Artery

2.10.4 Superficial Cervical Artery

2.10.5 Internal Thoracic Artery

2.11 Lymphatic Structures

2.11.1 Thymus

2.11.2 Thoracic Duct

2.11.3 Mediastinal and Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes

2.12 Nerves (Motor Somatic, Sympathetic, and Parasympathetic)

2.12.1 Phrenic Nerve

2.12.2 Autonomic Nerves in the Thorax

2.12.3 Vagus Nerve

2.12.4 Sympathetic Trunk and Sympathetic Ganglia

2.13 Heart (Cor)

2.13.1 Pericardium

2.13.2 External Features of the Heart

2.13.3 Interior of the Heart

2.13.3.1 Structures of the Right Atrium

2.13.3.2 Structures of the Right Ventricle

2.13.3.2.1 Right Atrioventricular Valve

2.13.3.2.2 Chordae Tendineae, Papillary Muscles, and Cusps of the Right Atrioventricular Valve

2.13.3.2.3 Trabecula Septomarginalis

2.13.3.2.4 Ossa Cordis

2.13.3.2.5 Coronary Arteries

2.14 Point of Maximum Intensity or Puncta Maxima

2.15 Lab ID List for the Thorax

Chapter 3 The Abdomen

3.1 Lumbar Vertebrae

3.1.1 Bovine Lumbar Vertebrae

3.1.2 Goat and Sheep Lumbar Vertebrae

3.2 Ligaments of Lumbar Vertebrae

3.2.1 Supraspinous Ligament

3.2.2 Interspinous Ligaments

3.2.3 Intertransverse Ligaments

3.2.4 Yellow Ligaments (Interarcuate or Ligament Flava)

3.2.5 Dorsal and Ventral Longitudinal Ligaments

3.2.6 Intervertebral Disc

3.3 Abdominal Wall

3.3.1 Paralumbar Fossa

3.3.2 Nerves of the Paralumbar Fossa (Flank Anesthesia)

3.3.3 Cutaneus Trunci and Omobrachialis Muscles

3.3.4 Tunica Flava Abdominis

3.3.5 External Abdominal Oblique Muscle

3.3.6 Internal Abdominal Oblique Muscle

3.3.7 Transversus Abdominis Muscle

3.3.8 Rectus Abdominis Muscle

3.3.9 Rectus Sheath

3.4 Abdominal Cavity

3.4.1 Dissection Plan

3.4.2 Peritoneum

3.4.3 Omentum

3.4.4 Ruminant Stomach

3.4.4.1 Reticulum

3.4.4.1.1 Cardia

3.4.4.2 Rumen

3.4.4.3 Omasum

3.4.4.4 Abomasum

3.5 Intestines

3.5.1 Small Intestine

3.5.1.1 Duodenum

3.5.1.2 Mesoduodenum

3.5.1.3 Duodenocolic Fold

3.5.1.4 Jejunum

3.5.1.5 Ileum

3.5.1.6 Ileal Orifice

3.5.1.7 Ileocecal Fold

3.5.2 Large Intestine

3.5.2.1 Cecum and Cecocolic Orifice

3.5.2.2 Ascending Colon

3.5.2.2.1 Proximal Loop

3.5.2.2.2 Spiral Loop

3.5.2.2.3 Distal Loop

3.6 Other Abdominal Organs

3.6.1 Liver

3.6.2 Spleen

3.6.3 Pancreas

3.6.4 Kidney

3.7 Vessels

3.7.1 Arteries

3.7.2 Veins

3.7.3 Lymphatics

3.8 Palpation of the Live Animal

3.9 Lab ID List for the Abdomen

Chapter 4 The Pelvis and Reproductive Organs

4.1 Bones of the Pelvis

4.1.1 Os Coxae (Pelvic Bone)

4.2 Sacrosciatic Ligament

4.3 Pelvic Peritoneal Pouches

4.4 Urinary Bladder, Ureters, and Ligaments of the Bladder

4.5 Male Genitalia

4.5.1 Penis

4.5.1.1 Root of the Penis and Cavernous Tissue

4.5.1.2 Free Part of the Penis and Glans Penis

4.5.1.3 Retractor Penis Muscle

4.5.1.4 Apical Ligament

4.5.1.5 Dorsal Nerve of the Penis

4.5.2 Male Urethra

4.5.3 Prepuce

4.5.4 Superficial Inguinal (Scrotal) Lymph Nodes

4.5.5 Blood Supply to the Pelvic Viscera and Male Genitalia

4.5.6 Testes

4.5.7 Male Accessory Sex Glands

4.6 Female Reproductive Tract

4.6.1 Ovaries

4.6.2 Uterine Tubes

4.6.3 Uterine Horns

4.6.4 Uterine Body

4.6.5 Uterine Cervix

4.6.6 Vagina

4.6.7 Female Pudendum

4.6.7.1 Vestibule

4.6.7.2 Suburethral Diverticulum

4.6.7.3 Vulva

4.6.8 Blood Supply of the Female Genital Tract

4.6.9 Udder

4.6.9.1 Suspensory Apparatus and Interior Structures of the Udder

4.6.9.2 Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the Udder

4.6.9.3 Lymphatics of the Udder

4.6.9.4 Innervation of the Udder

4.7 Live Cow

4.8 Lab ID List for the Pelvis and Reproductive Structures

Chapter 5 The Forelimb

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Bones of the Thoracic Limb

5.2.1 Scapula

5.2.2 Humerus

5.2.3 Radius and Ulna

5.2.4 Carpus (Proximal and Distal Rows)

5.2.5 Metacarpal Bones (Large Metacarpal or Cannon Bone)

5.2.6 Digits

5.3 Muscles and Tendons of the Thoracic Limb

5.3.1 Extrinsic Muscles of the Forelimb

5.3.1.1 Trapezius Muscle (Cervical and Thoracic Parts)

5.3.1.2 Rhomboideus Muscle (Cervical and Thoracic Parts)

5.3.1.3 Brachiocephalicus Muscle (Cleidocephalicus and Cleidobrachialis)

5.3.1.4 Omotransversarius Muscle

5.3.1.6 Superficial Pectoral Muscle (Descending and Transverse Parts)

5.3.1.7 Deep (Ascending) Pectoral Muscle

5.3.1.8 Serratus Ventralis Muscle

5.3.1.9 Subclavius Muscle

5.3.2 Intrinsic Muscles of the Thoracic Limb

5.3.2.1 Muscles of Proximal Limb (Shoulder and Brachium)

5.3.2.1.1 Supraspinatus Muscle

5.3.2.1.2 Infraspinatus Muscle

5.3.2.1.3 Deltoideus Muscle

5.3.2.1.4 Teres Minor Muscle

5.3.2.1.5 Teres Major Muscle

5.3.2.1.6 Subscapularis Muscle

5.3.2.1.7 Triceps Brachii Muscle (Long, Lateral, Accessory, and Medial Heads)

5.3.2.1.8 Anconeus Muscle

5.3.2.1.9 Tensor Fasciae Antebrachii Muscle

5.3.2.1.10 Coracobrachialis Muscle

5.3.2.1.11 Biceps Brachii Muscle

5.3.2.1.12 Brachialis Muscle

5.3.2.2 Muscles and Tendons of the Distal Limb (Antebrachium and Manus [Carpus, Metacarpus, and Digits])

5.3.2.2.1 Craniolateral Group (Located on Cranial and Lateral Forearm)

5.3.2.2.2 Extensor Carpi Radialis Muscle

5.3.2.2.3 Common Digital Extensor Muscle (Medial and Lateral Heads and Three Tendons)

5.3.2.2.4 Lateral Digital Extensor Muscle

5.3.2.2.5 Ulnaris Lateralis Muscle

5.3.2.2.6 Extensor Carpi Obliquus Muscle

5.3.2.3 Caudomedial Muscle Group of the Antebrachium

5.3.2.3.1 Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle

5.3.2.3.2 Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle

5.3.2.3.3 Pronator Teres Muscle

5.3.2.3.4 Superficial Digital Flexor with Superficial and Deep Parts: Flexor Manica

5.3.2.3.5 Deep Digital Flexor Muscle

5.3.2.3.6 Interosseus Muscle (Suspensory Ligament) with Axial and Abaxial Extensor Branches

5.4 Retinacula

5.5 Carpal Canal

5.6 Ligaments of the Digits

5.6.1 Proximal Interdigital Ligament

5.6.2 Distal Interdigital Ligament

5.6.3 Annular Ligaments (Palmar, Proximal, and Distal Digital Annular Ligaments)

5.6.4 Digital Annular Ligaments (Proximal and Distal)

5.7 Hoof (Wall, Sole, Bulb, and White Line)

5.8 Arteries and Nerves of the Thoracic Limb

5.8.1 Nomenclature of Blood Vessels and Nerves in the Distal Limb

5.9 Veins of the Forelimb

5.10 Lymphatics of the Thoracic Limb

5.11 Nerves of the Thoracic Limb

5.11.1 Suprascapular Nerve

5.11.2 Subscapular Nerve

5.11.3 Axillary Nerve

5.11.4 Musculocutaneous Nerve

5.11.5 Radial Nerve

5.11.5.1 Branching of the Radial and Ulnar Nerves in the Distal Limb

5.11.6 Median and Ulnar Nerves

5.12 Joints of the Forelimbs

5.12.1 Shoulder Joint

5.12.2 Elbow Joint

5.12.3 Carpal Joints

5.12.4 Digital Joints

Chapter 6 The Hind Limb

6.1 Bones of the Hind Limb

6.1.1 Os Coxae (Hip Bone)

6.1.2 Femur (Thighbone)

6.1.3 Bones of the Leg (Crus)

6.1.4 Tarsal Bones

6.1.5 Fused Metatarsals III and IV (Large Metatarsal Bone)

6.1.6 Metatarsal Sesamoid Bone

6.2 Muscles of the Pelvic Limb

6.2.1 Muscles Acting on the Hip Joint

6.2.1.1 Gluteal Muscles

6.2.1.1.1 Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle and Fascia Lata

6.2.1.1.2 Middle Gluteal Muscle

6.2.1.1.3 Deep Gluteal Muscle

6.2.1.2 Hamstring Muscles

6.2.1.2.1 Gluteobiceps Muscle

6.2.1.2.2 Semitendinosus Muscle

6.2.1.2.3 Semimembranosus Muscle

6.2.1.3 Medial Adductor Thigh Muscles

6.2.1.3.1 Sartorius Muscle

6.2.1.3.2 Gracilis Muscle

6.2.1.3.3 Pectineus Muscle

6.2.1.3.4 Adductor Muscle

6.2.1.3.5 External Obturator Muscle

6.2.2 Muscles Acting on the Stifle Joint

6.2.2.1 Quadriceps Femoris Muscle

6.2.3 Muscles Acting on the Hock and Digits

6.2.3.1 Craniolateral Muscles of the Leg (Crus)

6.2.3.1.1 Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius Muscle

6.2.3.1.2 Long Digital Extensor Muscle

6.2.3.1.3 Lateral Digital Extensor Muscle

6.2.3.1.4 Cranial Tibial Muscle

6.2.3.1.5 Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus Muscle

6.2.3.2 Extensor Retinacula

6.2.3.3 Caudomedial Muscles of the Leg (Crus)

6.2.3.3.1 Soleus Muscle

6.2.3.3.2 Gastrocnemius Muscle (Lateral and Medial Heads)

6.2.3.3.3 Superficial Digital Flexor Muscle

6.6.3.3.4 Common Calcanean (or Calcaneal) Tendon and Calcanean Bursae

6.2.3.3.5 Deep Digital Flexor Muscle

6.2.3.3.6 Popliteus Muscle

6.2.3.3.7 Interosseus Muscle (Suspensory Ligament)

6.3 Blood Vessels and Nerves of the Hind Limbs

6.3.1 Overview of Arterial Blood Supply to the Whole Hind Limb

6.3.2 Veins of the Hind Limb

6.3.3 Lymphatic Structures of the Hind Limb

6.3.4 Nerves of the Hind Limb

6.3.4.1 Femoral Nerve

6.3.4.2 Obturator Nerve

6.3.4.3 Sciatic Nerve

6.3.4.4 Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve

6.3.4.5 Tibial Nerve

6.4 Joints of the Hind Limb

6.4.1 Hip Joint

6.4.2 Stifle Joint

6.4.3 Hock (or Tarsus) Joint

6.5 Live Cow

6.6 Lab ID List for Forelimb and Hind Limb

Appendix A Dissection Instructions for a Goat Cadaver

A.1 Dissection Labs

A.2 Dissection of Goat Neck and Body Cavities (Labs, 1, 2, and 3)

A.2.1 Removal of the Thoracic Limb

A.2.2 Removal of the Pelvic (Hind) Limb

A.2.3 Skinning of the Neck and Flank on the Side Where the Limbs are Removed

A.2.3.1 Neck

A.2.4 Opening the Thorax and Abdomen for Studying the Topography on the Left and Right Sides

A.2.5 Thorax

A.2.5.1 Thoracic Landmarks

A.2.5.1.1 Basal Border of the Lungs

A.2.5.2 The Diaphragmatic Line of Pleural Reflection

A.2.6 Abdomen (In Situ and on Extirpated Viscera)

A.2.7 Dissection of Male and Female Pelvis (Lab 4)

A.3 Head Dissection (Lab 5)

A.4 Forelimb Dissection (Labs 6 and 7)

A.5 Hind Limb Dissection (Labs 8 and 9)

Appendix B Further Reading

Index

EULA