Chapter
Chapter 2: Anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewater
2.1.1 Energy nexus: Is anaerobic treatment a feasible way for municipal wastewater?
2.2 ANAEROBIC REACTOR TYPES FOR MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
2.2.1 Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR)
2.2.2 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket Reactor (UASB)
2.2.3 Expanded granular sludge bed reactor (EGSB)
2.2.4 Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR)
2.2.5 Anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR)
2.2.6 Full scale applications
2.2.7 Pilot scale applications
2.2.8 Different lab-scale options – immobilization
2.3 MODELING OF ANAEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEMS
2.3.2 Model selection for a given application
2.4 PROBLEMS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
2.4.2.1 Source separation and anaerobic treatment of black water stream
2.4.2.2 A hybrid system: algae combined with anaerobic digester
Chapter 3: Resource recovery from source separated domestic wastewater; energy, water, nutrients and organics
3.2 RESOURCES AND POLLUTANTS IN DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
3.3 ANAEROBIC TREATMENT CORE TECHNOLOGY IN ‘NEW SANITATION’
3.3.1 Organic sludge and heavy metals
3.3.2 Recovery of phosphorus during or after UASB treatment?
3.3.3 Removal or recovery of nitrogen?
3.4 REMOVAL OF MICROPOLLUTANTS FROM BLACK AND GREY WATER
3.5 MULTI-CRITERIA ASSESSMENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS IN NEW SANITATION
3.6 NEW SANITATION IN PRACTICE IN THE NETHERLANDS
Chapter 4: Wastewater treatment in algal systems
4.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROALGAE BASED SYSTEMS
4.2.1 Photosynthetic aeration, symbiosis and algal-bacterial interactions
4.2.2 Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous removal mechanisms
4.2.4 Influence of environmental parameters
4.3 MICROALGAE BASED SYSTEMS USED FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
4.3.2 CO2 addition, implications in the process
4.3.3 Harvesting of biomass
4.4 CONSIDERATIONS FOR A REAL SCALE INSTALLATION
Chapter 5: Niches for bioelectrochemical systems in sewage treatment plants
5.1.1 Microbial fuel cells
5.1.2 Microbial electrolysis cell
5.2 BES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
5.2.1 Bioelectricity production
5.2.2 Bioelectrochemical hydrogen production in WWTP
5.2.3 Bioelectrochemical denitrification in WWTPs
5.2.3.1 Nitrogen removal in WWTPs using BES
5.2.3.2 Nitrogen recovery in WWTPs using BES
Chapter 6: Aerobic granular sludge reactors
6.2 APPLICATIONS OF AEROBIC GRANULATION
6.2.1 Industrial wastewater treatment
6.2.2 Municipal wastewater treatment
6.2.3 Toxic compounds degradation and biosorption of dyestuffs and heavy metals
6.3 SCALE-UP: FROM THE LAB TO FULL SCALE
6.5 MODELLING GRANULAR SLUDGE REACTORS
6.5.1 Bioconversion processes
6.5.2 Intragranule heterogeneity
6.5.3 Intergranule heterogeneity
6.5.4 Flow patterns inside the bulk fluid
Chapter 7: Membranes in wastewater treatment
7.1.1 MBR’s when does it make sense?
7.1.2 Energy demand reduction
7.1.3 Enhanced nutrients and/or refractory compounds removal
7.1.4 Synergistic effects utilization
7.2 INNOVATIVE USE OF MEMBRANES IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
7.2.1 Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors
7.2.1.1 Feasibility for the treatment of different wastewater streams
7.2.1.2 Barriers for widespread application
7.2.1.4 Fouling mitigation
7.2.1.5 Mathematical modelling
7.2.1.6 Life Cycle Cost (LCC)
7.2.1.7 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
7.2.1.8 Challenges and future perspectives for the use of AnMBRs
7.2.2 Membranes for gas transfer
7.2.2.1 Into what is different about membranes for gas transferring
7.2.2.2 Types of membranes and configurations
7.2.2.3 Potential advantageous uses of gas transferring membranes in an WWTP
7.2.2.4 Challenges in the use of gas transferring membranes
7.2.3 Microbial Desalination Cells (MDC) – anionic and cationic exchange membranes
7.2.3.1 Principles and operation of MDCs
7.2.3.2 Performance of MDCs
7.2.3.3 Anionic and Cationic exchange membranes
7.2.3.4 Challenges and future perspectives for the use of MFC’s
7.3 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
Chapter 8: Enhanced primary treatment
8.2 ENHANCED, HIGH-RATE PRIMARY TREATMENT
8.2.1 Chemically enhanced primary treatment
8.2.2 Microscreen-based technologies
8.2.2.1 Rotating belt filters
8.2.2.2 Rotating drum filters
8.2.2.3 Rotating disc filters
8.2.3 Vortex-based technologies
8.2.4 Inclined-surface settlers
8.3 PLANT-WIDE IMPACT OF ENHANCED PRIMARY PROCESSES
8.3.1 Impact on secondary stage aeration demand
8.3.2 Impact on production, properties, and anaerobic degradability of sludge
8.3.3 Impact on nutrient removal
8.3.4 Impact on power consumption and greenhouse gas emissions
8.3.4.1 Calculation assumptions:
Part 1c: Reducing Impacts
Chapter 9: Innovative primary and secondary sewage treatment technologies for organic micropollutants abatement
9.2 ENHANCEMENT OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SEWAGE TREATMENT FOR ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS ELIMINATION
9.2.1 Enhanced primary clarification
9.2.2 Role of nitrifiers on organic micropollutants biotransformation
9.2.3 Membrane bioreactors
9.2.4 Granular sludge reactors
9.2.5 Partial nitritation – Anammox process
9.2.6 Anaerobic treatment
9.3 FATE OF TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS DURING SEWAGE TREATMENT
9.4 MODELLING MICROPOLLUTANTS FATE DURING SEWAGE TREATMENT
Chapter 10: Post-treatment for micropollutants removal
10.2.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes
10.3.1 Adsorption to activated carbon
10.3.2 Membrane filtration
Chapter 11: Technologies limiting gas and odour emissions
11.2 PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES
11.2.4 Advantages and drawbacks of physical-chemical techniques
11.3 MATURE BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES
11.3.2 Biotrickling filters
11.3.4 Advantages and drawbacks of mature biological technologies
11.4 EMERGING BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES
11.4.1 Two-phase partitioning bioreactors
11.4.2 Activated sludge diffusion
11.4.3 Membrane bioreactors
11.4.4 Activated sludge and oxidized ammonium recycling
11.4.5 Advantages and drawbacks of emerging biological technologies
Chapter 12: Reducing the impact of sludge
12.2 PROCESSES IN THE WATER LINE (A,B)
12.2.1 Lysis-cryptic growth
12.2.1.1 Chemical oxidation
12.2.1.2 Enzymatic reactions
12.2.1.3 Mechanical treatment
12.2.2 Maintenance metabolism
12.2.3 Uncoupling metabolism
12.2.3.1 Chemical uncoupler
12.2.3.2 Side stream anaerobic reactor
12.2.4 Predation on bacteria
12.3 PRE-TREATMENT PROCESSES IN THE SLUDGE LINE (C,D,E,F)
12.3.1 Physical pre-treatments
12.3.1.1 High pressure homogeneizers
12.3.1.2 Ultrasonic treatment
12.3.1.3 Grinding – Stirred ball mills
12.3.1.4 Lysis centrifugation
12.3.1.5 Focused-pulse technology
12.3.1.6 Thermal hydrolysis
12.3.1.7 Chemical oxidation
12.3.1.8 Alkaline hydrolysis
12.3.1.9 Biological pre-treatment
12.4 TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCING SLUDGE STABILIZATION (G)
12.4.1 Thermophilic anaerobic digestion: effect of thermal pre-treatment
12.4.2 Temperature-phased anaerobic digestion
12.4.3 Sequential anaerobic-aerobic digestion of waste and mixed sludge
12.5 WET OXIDATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE COUPLED WITH ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF LIQUID RESIDUE (H)
12.5.1 Wet oxidation and its role in sewage sludge treatment
12.5.2 WO of sewage sludge: effect of process parameters
12.5.3 Reaction kinetics and process modelling
12.5.4 Treatment/Disposal of residues
12.6 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESSES
12.6.1 Enhanced hydrolysis. Processes in the sludge line
12.6.2 Enhanced sludge stabilization processes
Part 2: Re-using Water and Sludge
Chapter 13: Producing high-quality recycled water
13.2 WATER QUALITY CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
13.3 TREATMENT SCHEMES FOR POTABLE WATER REUSE
13.4 ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF POTABLE WATER REUSE SCHEMES
13.5 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF POTABLE WATER REUSE SCHEMES/ENERGY POTENTIAL
13.6 STATE-OF-THE-ART WATER QUALITY MONITORING APPROACHES FOR HIGH-QUALITY RECYCLED WATER
Chapter 14: Producing sludge for agricultural applications
14.2 SLUDGE PRODUCTION PROCESSES
14.2.1.1 Primary sludge production
14.2.1.2 Biological sludge production
14.2.2 Characteristics of sewage sludge
14.3 SLUDGE PRE-TREATMENT PROCESSES
14.3.1 Sludge pre-treatment technologies
14.3.2 Effects of pretreatment on the agricultural use and value of sludge
14.3.2.1 Organic Matter Reduction
14.3.2.2 Nutrients Solubilization
14.3.2.3 Pathogen and Indicator Reductions
14.3.2.4 Trace Organic Contaminants Removal
14.4 SLUDGE TREATMENT PROCESSES
14.4.1 Biological processes
14.4.1.1 Anaerobic digestion
14.4.3.2 Pyrolysis and Gasification
14.4.4 Chemical processes
14.5 GENERAL EFFECTS OF BIOSOLIDS ON AGRICULTURE
14.5.1 Effect on agricultural productivity and soil fertility
14.5.2 Health risks involved in application of sludge in agriculture
14.6 CASE STUDIES ON AGRICULTURAL APPLICATION OF SLUDGE
Part 3: Recovering Resource: Energy and Chemicals
Chapter 15: Recovering energy from sludge
15.1.1 Sewage sludge definition and production
15.1.2 Legislation issues applied to SS and current status
15.1.3 Legislative constraints and policy goals
15.2 BIOLOGICAL BASED TECHNOLOGIES
15.2.1 Advanced thermal/high pressure pre-treatments to enhance energy recovery in AD processes
15.2.1.1 General features and technology basis
15.2.1.2 Commercial thermal pre-treatments comparison
15.2.1.3 Economic evaluation
15.2.2 Co-digestion of sewage sludge with non-sludge organic wastes
15.2.3 Bio-drying of sewage sludge to produce biomass fuel
15.3 THERMAL BASED TECHNOLOGIES
15.3.3 Supercritical water processing
Chapter 16: Metal recovery from sludge: Problem or opportunity
16.2 LEACHING OF METALS FROM SLUDGE
16.3 REMOVAL OF METAL FROM THE LEACHATE WITHOUT METAL RECOVERY
16.3.1 Metal precipitation
16.4.1 Removal of impurities from leach solution
16.4.2.1 Liquid- liquid extraction
16.4.2.3 Membrane filtration
16.4.3 Metal recovery technologies
16.4.3.2 Bio electrochemical methods
16.5 USE OF SLUDGE AFTER CHEMICAL LEACHING OR BIOLEACHING
Chapter 17: Nutrients recovery from wastewater streams
17.2 RECOVERY OF AMMONIA BASED PRODUCTS
17.2.1.3 Membrane processes
17.2.2.1 Ammonium sulphate
17.2.2.3 Ammonium nitrate
17.3 RECOVERY OF PHOSPHORUS BASED PRODUCTS
17.3.1.1 Production process and existing experience
17.3.1.2 Struvite production in full-scale installations
17.3.1.3 Novel processes for struvite production based on biological processes
17.3.1.4 Product end-uses
17.3.2 Potassium phosphate
17.3.2.1 Production process and existing experience
17.3.2.2 Lab-scale experience on synthetic and real urine
17.3.2.3 Full-scale implementation on calf manure
17.3.2.4 Product end-uses
17.3.2.5 Future perspectives
17.3.3 Calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite
17.3.3.1 Production process and existing experience
17.3.3.2 Product end-uses
17.3.4 Recovery of phosphorus compounds from sludge ashes
17.3.4.1 Thermochemical processes
17.3.4.2 Wet-chemical processes
17.3.4.3 Future perspectives
Chapter 18: Recovery of organic added value products from wastewater
18.1.1 Potential feedstocks in wastewater treatment plants
18.1.2 Most studied processes
18.1.2.1 Acids and alcohols
18.2 PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
18.2.1 Acids and alcohols
18.2.3 Reported pilot/demonstration/industrial scale plants
18.3 QUANTITY, QUALITY AND APPLICATIONS
18.3.1.1 Feedstock requirements for sustainable productivity
18.3.1.2 Effects of operation parameters on polymer quality
18.3.1.3 Applications depending on polymer quality
18.3.2 Acids and alcohols
18.3.2.1 Feedstock requirements for sustainable productivity
18.3.2.2 Effects of operation parameters
18.3.2.3 Applications depending on acid and alcohols quality
Part 4: Economic, Environmental, Legal and Social Impacts
Chapter 19: The impact of innovation on wastewater treatment economics
19.2 COSTS OF IMPROVING/INNOVATION IN WWTPs
19.2.1.1 Engineering approach
19.2.1.2 Parametric approach
19.3 BENEFITS OF IMPROVING/INNOVATION IN WWTPs
19.3.2.1 Conventional valuation methods
19.3.2.2 Shadow price of pollutants
19.5 FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
Chapter 20: Assessing environmental impacts and benefits of wastewater treatment plants
20.2 APPLICATION OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND PROCESSES
a) Goal and scope definition
c) Life Cycle Impact Assessment
d) Interpretation and communication of LCA results
20.3.1 Fact sheet: LCA of conventional WWTP
20.3.1.1 Goal and scope definition
20.3.2 Fact sheet: LCA study on WWTP upgrade for elimination of organic micropollutants
20.3.2.1 Goal and scope definition
20.3.3 Fact sheet: Simplified LCA study focussing on operational energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions of a new energy-positive wastewater treatment scheme
20.3.3.1 Goal and scope definition
20.3.4 Fact sheet: LCA study on phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge, sludge liquor, or incineration ash
20.3.4.1 Goal and scope definition
20.4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
Chapter 21: Determining benchmarks in wastewater treatment plants using life cycle assessment
21.2 JOINT APPLICATION OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
21.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
21.3.1 The five-step LCA + DEA method
21.3.2 DEA model selection and matrices build up
21.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
21.4.1 Inventory data and DEA computation
21.4.2 Environmental and operational performance
21.4.3 Factors affecting WWTPs efficiency
Chapter 22: Public perceptions of recycled water
22.1.1 Public perceptions – a road block on the journey to recycled water schemes?
22.1.2 How perceptions are formed – the importance of emotions
22.1.3 Importance of considering public perceptions
22.2 WHAT DO THE PUBLIC THINK ABOUT RECYCLED WATER?
22.2.1 Are people willing to use recycled water?
22.2.1.1 The role of context – different levels of support for different types of water uses
22.2.1.2 The role of language – different levels of support for different types of descriptions
22.2.2 Why are some people unwilling to use recycled water?
22.2.2.1 Association with sewage and human waste
22.2.2.2 General safety and health risks
22.2.2.3 Microbial and chemical contamination
22.2.2.4 Aesthetic features – colour, taste and odour
22.2.2.5 Environmental benefits and impacts
22.3 WHAT INFLUENCES PERCEPTIONS ABOUT RECYCLED WATER?
22.3.1 Socio-demographics
22.3.2 Experience of water shortages
22.3.4 Exposure to information and expertise
22.3.5 Trust in institutions and technology
22.3.5.1 Organisational trust – governments and water authorities
22.3.5.2 Scientific trust – water-treatment technology and scientists
22.3.6 Values and social norms
22.3.6.1 Environmental values
22.4 INTERVENING TO IMPROVE PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF RECYCLED WATER
22.4.1 Providing information
22.4.2 Psychological approaches to communication
22.4.3 Community dialogue
22.4.3.1 Dialogue targeting risk perceptions
22.4.3.2 Dialogue targeting community needs
22.4.4 Ensure fair and transparent processes for planning and decision making
22.4.5 Provide opportunities to experience recycled water
22.4.6 Building public support – features of successful programs
22.4.6.1 Groundwater Replenishment System – Orange County Water District, United States
22.4.6.2 Aquifer recharge trial – Perth, Australia
22.4.6.3 Introduction of NEWater – Singapore
Chapter 23: Greenhouse and odour emissions
23.1 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS DURING WASTEWATER TREATMENT
23.1.2 Operational factors affecting direct GHG emissions during wastewater treatment
23.1.2.1 Factors affecting N2O production during aerobic conditions by nitrifiers
23.1.2.2 Factors affecting N2O production during anoxic conditions by denitrifiers
23.1.2.3 Factors affecting CH4 production
23.1.3 GHG monitoring methodologies
23.1.3.1 The Floating hood + gas analyser approach
23.1.3.2 Estimating N2O emissions through N2O dissolved data
23.1.3.3 Plant integrated measurements
23.1.4 Mitigation of direct GHG emissions
23.2 ODOUR EMISSIONS DURING WASTEWATER TREATMENT
23.2.2 Odour characterization: sensorial and chemical analysis
23.2.2.1 Analytical techniques
23.2.2.2 Sensorial techniques
23.2.2.3 Mixed sensorial and analytical techniques
23.2.2.4 Field and laboratory applications of analytical and sensorial techniques
23.2.3.1 Measuring odour impact at the receptor location
23.2.3.2 Evaluation of odour impact from source by dispersion modelling
23.2.3.3 Odour impact assessment
23.2.4 Minimization, mitigation and treatment of odourous emissions
23.2.4.1 Minimization of odour formation
23.2.4.2 Impact minimization
Chapter 24: The impact and risks of micropollutants in the environment
24.2 LEGAL AND ANALYTICAL ASPECTS
24.3 OCCURRENCE OF MICROPOLLUTANTS IN TREATED EFFLUENTS, SLUDGE, SURFACE AND GROUND WATER
24.4 FATE OF SELECTED COMPOUNDS
24.4.3 Photodegradation: direct and indirect
24.5 ECOTOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS
24.5.1 Whole effects approach
24.5.1.1 Estrogenic activity
24.5.1.2 Mutagenic activity
24.6 RISK ASSESSMENT OF MICROPOLLUTANTS: THE MOST CRITICAL COMPOUNDS
24.7 FINAL REMARKS AND CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 25: Legal and policy frameworks for the management of wastewater
25.1.1 Structures for ownership and regulation
25.1.2 Regulation and liability
25.2 REGULATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
25.2.1 General environmental law
25.2.2 Specific regulation of wastewater treatment
25.2.2.1 The European Union urban waste water treatment directive
25.3 REGULATION OF ONSITE SANITATION
25.3.1 Impacts on groundwater
25.4 SLUDGE DISPOSAL AND REUSE
25.4.1 Solid waste disposal
25.4.3 Marine wastewater discharge from vessels
25.5.1 Regulation of greywater reuse
25.5.2 Reuse as drinking water
25.6 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY IN THE WASTEWATER SECTOR
25.6.1 Mitigation considerations
25.6.2 Adaptation considerations
25.7 REGULATION OF CONTAMINANTS OF EMERGING CONCERN
Part 5: Conceiving, Comparing and Selecting Efficient Processes
Chapter 26: Environmental decision support systems
26.3 COMPLEXITY OF THE DECISIONS
26.6 HOW TO BUILD AN EDSS?
26.7 NOVEDAR_EDSS: AN EDSS FOR SELECTION OF WWTP CONFIGURATIONS
26.8 NOVEDARPLUS_EDSS: AN EDSS FOR THE ‘3R’ PARADIGM
26.9.1 Case study#1: design of a greenfield WWTP under different conditions
Analysis performed under different criteria
Results under different conditions
26.9.2 Case study#2: retrofitting of a real WWTP under different conditions
26.9.3 Case study#3: BSM2 case study
Shortlist selection of alternatives
Chapter 27: Superstructure-based optimization tool for plant design and retrofitting
27.2 SUPERSTRUCTURE-BASED OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK
27.3 CASE STUDY APPLICATION
27.4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Chapter 28: Model-based comparative assessment of innovative processes
28.2.1 Category selection
28.2.2 Unit-process models selection
28.2.3 Actuator models selection
28.2.4 Evaluation criteria
28.3 MODEL-BASED COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF CONVENTIONAL AND INNOVATIVE PLANT LAYOUTS
28.3.3 A new WWT concept: C/N/P decoupling WWTP
28.4 MODEL BASED ANALYSIS AND OPTIMISATION OF PLANT OPERATION
28.5 CASE STUDY DEMONSTRATION: ANALYSIS AND OPTIMISATION OF A CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
Step 1: Definition of the operational objective and requirements
Step 2: Determination of the degrees of freedom for operation and control
Step 3: Study the effect of the degrees of freedom on the objectives and the constraints
Step 4: Match the degrees of freedom with the constraints
Step 5: Use the remaining degrees of freedom to optimise the process
Annex 1: E-course: Micropollutants in water
Annex 2: Implementing an ecoefficiency tool for the holistic design and assessment of the water cycle
A2.3 DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT (DWTP)
A2.6 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT (WWTP)
A2.7 VIEWING THE RESULTS OF A PROJECT
Annex 3: NOVEDAR_EDSS: Intelligent/expert screening of process technologies
A3.3 ALTERNATIVE GENERATION
A3.4 ALTERNATIVE EVALUATION
A3.5 NEW FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS: NOVEDARPLUS_EDSS
Innovative Wastewater Treatment & Resource Recovery Technologies: Impacts on Energy, Economy and Environment
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