Description
The Hawkesbury River is the longest coastal river in New South Wales. A vital source of water and food, it has a long Aboriginal history and was critical for the survival of the early British colony at Sydney. The Hawkesbury’s weathered shores, cliffs and fertile plains have inspired generations of artists. It is surrounded by an unparalleled mosaic of national parks, including the second-oldest national park in Australia, Ku-ring-gai National Park. Although it lies only 35 km north of Sydney, to many today the Hawkesbury is a ‘hidden river’ – its historical and natural significance not understood or appreciated.
Until now, the Hawkesbury has lacked an up-to-date and comprehensive book describing how and when the river formed, how it functions ecologically, how it has influenced humans and their patterns of settlement and, in turn, how it has been affected by those settlements and their people. The Hawkesbury River: A Social and Natural History fills this gap. With chapters on the geography, geology, hydrology and ecology of the river through to discussion of its use by Aboriginal and European people and its role in transport, defence and culture, this highly readable and richly illustrated book paints a picture of a landscape worthy of protection and conservation. It will be of value to those who live, visit or work in the region, those interested in Australian environmental history, and professionals in biology, natural resource management and education.
Chapter
Rising sea levels and the formation of the modern Hawkesbury
The importance of freshwater flows
4 Hydrology – floods, droughts and river regulation
Climate of the Hawkesbury region
Why is the Hawkesbury so flood-prone?
How is flood risk managed?
River regulation and water extraction
5 The vexed matter of water quality
Nutrients and sewage-treatment plants
Algal blooms: their origins and consequences
6 Biota – plants, animals and mythical creatures
Brackish-water swamps and marshes
Terrestrial vegetation of the catchment
Fish and recreational angling
Mythical aquatic creatures
7 Jewels in the crown - the protected areas
Different types of protected areas
Protected areas of the Hawkesbury catchment
Why have protected areas?
Aboriginal life on the Hawkesbury before British colonisation
Impacts of the first humans on the Hawkesbury and its catchment
9 European discovery and early exploration
1770: James Cook and Broken Bay
1788: the establishment of the British colony in New South Wales
Further exploration and mapping
10 European occupation and exploitation
Early colonial occupation
The spread of European-style agriculture
The built legacy of European occupation
European impacts on the Hawkesbury and its catchment
11 Barrier I – road and ferry crossings
A formidable barrier to transport
Colonial road access to and from the Hawkesbury
Crossing the lower Hawkesbury: Pacific Highway and Peats Ferry Bridge
Sydney-Newcastle Freeway and M3 bridge
Crossing the upper Hawkesbury: Bells Line of Road, Kurrajong Road Bridge and Bridge Street Bridge
Crossing the tributaries and other historical titbits
Crossings other than bridges: vehicular ferries
GUILTY, Death, aged 30: the remarkable life of Solomon Wiseman
12 Barrier II – railway crossings
The 1889 Brooklyn railway bridge
The 1946 replacement bridge
A railway line to the west: the Richmond-Kurrajong line
One peculiar type of barrier
13 Conduit – boats and shipping
Why was shipping so important?
Early shipping and ship-building
Paddle-steamers replace sail
Screw-driven steamships replace paddle-steamers
Why did commercial shipping decline?
The Lucinda, an Easter weekend and Australian Federation
The rise and fall of organised tourism
Recent passenger ferry and commercial tourist services
Contemporary recreational boating
14 A strategic river – defending the northern gateway to Sydney
The strategic importance of rivers
The Hawkesbury in military novels
19th-century military planning
20th-century military planning
The Cold War: a proposed nuclear reactor at Spencer
15 The river as muse – artists, musicians and writers inspired by the Hawkesbury
Rivers and artistic creativity
The Hawkesbury in Australian popular culture: television and film
Painters, etchers and other artists
16 Epilogue - whither the Hawkesbury?