Chapter
3.3 Dating the African land surface
3.4 Landscape responses to Cenozoic climate changes
3.4.1 Erosional responses: the African Surfaces
3.4.3 Depositional responses: fans
4 Hominin origins and evolution during the Neogene
4.2 Origin of the basal hominins
4.3 Diversification of the archaic hominins
4.4 Dispersal of hominins into South Africa
5 Hominin evolution in Africa during the Quaternary
5.2 The emergence of genus Homo
5.3 Paranthropus and the ‘robust’ australopithecine hypodigm
5.4 Emergence of modern humans
6 Quaternary environmental change on the southern African coastal plain
6.2 Palaeoenvironments of the coastal plain
6.3 Life on the edge: The coastal plain and human evolution
7 Dating the southern African landscape
7.2 The most commonly used dating techniques
7.3 Dating the evolution of the southern African landscape
7.3.1 Denuding landscapes
7.3.3 Palaeoanthropology and archaeological deposits
7.4.1 Interpretation of the dating context
7.4.2 Insight into the suitability of the dating technique to the target event
7.4.3 Reproducibility, consistency, and a body of evidence
8 Glacial and periglacial geomorphology
8.3 Proponents for southern African glaciation during the late Pleistocene: a brief history
8.4 The opponent view to southern African glaciation during the late Pleistocene
8.5 Glacial depositional landforms in the Drakensberg
8.6 Palaeoclimate implications of late Pleistocene glaciation in southeastern Africa
8.7 Periglacial phenomena
9 Colluvial deposits and slope instability
9.2 Slope processes in the long-term landscape evolution of southern Africa
9.3.1 Hillslope colluviation
9.3.2 Distribution of colluvium in southern Africa
9.3.3 Dating of colluviation
9.4 Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of colluvial and slope deposits
9.4.1 Present-day dynamics: land surface degradation
10 Desert dune environments
10.2 Southern African dunes as Quaternary palimpsests
10.2.1 Quaternary aridity
10.3 Dune sensitivity and complex development
10.4.2 Namib and West Coast
11 Changes in fluvial systems during the Quaternary
11.2 Regional environmental setting
11.3 Nature and drivers of fluvial system responses
11.3.1 Pre-Quaternary and Quaternary fluvial system responses in southern Africa: an overview
11.3.2 Late Quaternary fluvial system responses in southern Africa: climatic versus non-climatic drivers
11.3.3 Holocene fluvial system responses in southern Africa: large and extreme flood events
11.4.1 Fluvial system sensitivity to palaeoenvironmental change
11.4.2 Relative importance of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the late Holocene
12 Wetlands in southern Africa
12.2 Controls on wetland types and their dynamics
12.2.1 Valley-bottom and floodplain wetlands
12.3 Environmental and climatic records from wetlands
12.4 Sensitivity of wetlands to climate and environmental changes
13.3 Lithified Quaternary sediments
13.3.1 Erosional features
13.3.2 Depositional features
13.4 Quaternary coastal and sea-level change
14 Environmental change during the Pleistocene and Holocene: Estuaries and lagoons of southern Africa
14.2 Origins of South African estuaries
14.3 Quaternary estuarine evolution: Sea-level change and sedimentation
14.4 Estuaries of previous interglacial highstands
14.5 Lowstand deltas, estuaries and incised valleys
14.6 Holocene estuarine deposits on the continental shelf
14.7 Late Holocene estuary evolution
14.8 Sediment supply, sea-level rise and valley geometry
15.2 Weathering and soils
15.2.1 Factors significant in pedogenesis
15.2.2 Soils and geomorphology
15.3 Soils and landscape units in South Africa
15.5 Economic importance of duricrusts
16.2 The distribution of karst in southern Africa
16.3 Caves and speleothems as archives of the past
16.4 High-resolution palaeoenvironmental time-series from speleothems
17 Terrestrial ecosystem changes in the late Quaternary
17.2 Late Pleistocene climate and ecosystems in southern Africa
17.2.1 Summer rainfall zone
17.2.2 Winter rainfall zone
17.3 Holocene climate and ecosystems
17.3.1 Summer rainfall zone
17.3.2 Winter rainfall zone
17.4 Human impacts on terrestrial ecosystems
18 Faunal evidence for mid- and late Quaternary environmental change in southern Africa
18.2 Mammalian turnover and biogeography in southern Africa
18.3 The southern African faunal record
18.3.1 The end of the early Pleistocene: the Cornelian LMA
18.3.2 Black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou as a proxy for open habitat
18.3.3 The middle and late Pleistocene: the Florisian LMA
18.3.4 Florisian wetlands and the end-Pleistocene extinction
19 Pollen, charcoal and plant macrofossil evidence of Neogene and Quaternary environments in southern Africa
19.1.1 The major biomes of South Africa during the Neogene
19.2 Quaternary case studies
19.2.1 Tswaing (I and II) and Wonderkrater: Savanna Biome
19.2.2 Braamhoek and Mahwaqa: Grassland Biome
19.2.3 Mfabeni peatland, Lakes Sibaya and Eteza: Indian Ocean Coastal Belt Biome (IOCB)
19.2.4 Cederberg: Fynbos Biome
19.2.5 Macrobotanical remains: Fynbos, Savanna and IOCB
19.3 Future research directions and potential
20 Minerogenic microfossil records of Quaternary environmental change in southern Africa
20.2 Microfossil types and their environmental significance
20.2.1 Siliceous microfossils
20.2.2 Calcareous microfossils
20.3 Southern African microfossils: Case studies
20.3.1 Braamhoek wetland, South Africa
20.3.2 Lake Tritrivakely, Madagascar
20.3.3 Makgadikgadi, Botswana
21 Development of the archaeological record in southern Africa during the Earlier Stone Age
21.2 The earliest archaeology
21.2.1 Oldowan (2.6-1.76 Ma)
21.2.2 Early Acheulean (1.76->1 Ma)
21.2.3 Assessment of the early archaeology record
21.3 The Acheulean from ~1 Ma
22 Development of the archaeological record during the Middle Stone Age of South Africa
22.1 Introduction and background
22.2 Technological behaviour in the Middle Stone Age
22.3 Subsistence behaviour and site maintenance
22.4 Discussion and summary
23 Later Stone Age hunter-gatherers and herders
23.2 The Pleistocene/Holocene transition
23.3 The Holocene Later Stone Age: toolkits, diet, and society
23.4 Later Stone Age herders
23.5 Hunter-gatherers and farmers
24 Southernmost Africans, archaeology and the environment during the Holocene
24.1 Archaeologists, environment and climate
24.2 Economic transformations, environment and settlement distribution
24.3 Social strategies and resilience
24.4 Living on the edge in the Eastern Cape
24.5 The rise and decline of the K2-Mapungubwe state
25 Landscape-climate-human relations in the Quaternary of southern Africa
25.2 Landscapes and climate
25.3 Climate and human activity
25.4 Landscapes and human activity
25.5 Discussion and future research directions
25.5.1 The concerns of archaeological research
25.5.2 Climate and environmental change and the landscape record
25.5.3 Resolving landscapes and human activity: geoarchaeology and its limitations
Quaternary Environmental Change in Southern Africa
：Physical and Human Dimensions
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