Description
Conventional wisdom portrays war zones as chaotic and anarchic. In reality, however, they are often orderly. This work introduces a new phenomenon in the study of civil war: wartime social order. It investigates theoretically and empirically the emergence and functioning of social order in conflict zones. By theorizing the interaction between combatants and civilians and how they impact wartime institutions, the study delves into rebel behavior, civilian agency and their impact on the conduct of war. Based on years of fieldwork in Colombia, the theory is tested with qualitative and quantitative evidence on communities, armed groups, and individuals in conflict zones. The study shows how armed groups strive to rule civilians, and how the latter influence the terms of that rule. The theory and empirical results illuminate our understanding of civil war, institutions, local governance, non-violent resistance, and the emergence of political order.
Chapter
2 Wartime Social Order: What Is It and How Does It Vary?
Defining Wartime Social Order
A Typology of Wartime Social Order
Assessing the Quality of the Typology
Current Understanding of Rebel Governance and Collective Civilian Resistance
3 A Theory of Social Order in Civil War
Long-Term Horizons and the Emergence of Order
Short-Term Horizons and the Emergence of Disorder
Rebelocracy and Civilian Cooperation
Rebelocracy and the Byproducts of Control
The Costs of Running a Rebelocracy
Aliocracy and Civilian Resistance
A Theory of Collective Civilian Resistance to Rebelocracy
4 Research Design: Studying War Zones in Colombia
A Study of Colombia: Advantages and Limitations
The Colombian Armed Conflict: An Overview
The FARC, the ELN, and the Paramilitaries
Advantages and Limitations of the Research Design
5 The Determinants of Social Order
Reconstructing the History of Local Communities in War Zones
Sample and Data-Gathering Methods
The Determinants of Order
The Determinants of Rebelocracy and Aliocracy
6 Creating Rebelocracy, Aliocracy, and Disorder
The Process of Creating Social Order in War Zones
Community Structure and Armed Groups’ Strategies
Measuring and Describing Order and Disorder, Rebelocracy and Aliocracy
The Creation of Rebelocracy in War Zones
Collective Resistance, Bargaining, and the Paths to Aliocracy
Collective Civilian Resistance
7 How Local Institutions Matter: A Process-Driven Natural Experiment
Life in the Coffee Haciendas
An Agrarian Movement Is Born
Institutional Innovations in the Struggle for Land
Self-Governance: Institutions to Preserve Public Order and Adjudicate Disputes
Zama, Tellus, and Librea: Divergence in Local Institutions
Comparing Processes across Villages
The FARC in Tellus and Librea
A New Wave of Violence: The Paramilitaries Attack in Viotá
Causal Inference: The Effect of Institutional Quality
8 Testing the Microfoundations: Social Order and Recruitment
Who Joins Rebel Movements?
Wartime Social Order and Recruitment
Evidence on Communities in War Zones
Evidence on Joiners and Nonjoiners
Scope Conditions and External Validity
Appendix 1 Fieldwork and Sources of Empirical Evidence
Appendix 2 Supplemental Materials for Chapter 5
Appendix 3 Supplementary Materials for Chapter 6
Appendix 4 Supplemental Materials for Chapter 8