Elements of Slow-Neutron Scattering :Basics, Techniques, and Applications

Publication subTitle :Basics, Techniques, and Applications

Author: J. M. Carpenter; C.-K. Loong  

Publisher: Cambridge University Press‎

Publication year: 2015

E-ISBN: 9781316371169

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780521857819

Subject: O572.34 baryon

Keyword: 凝聚态物理学

Language: ENG

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Elements of Slow-Neutron Scattering

Description

Providing a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to the theory and applications of slow-neutron scattering, this detailed book equips readers with the fundamental principles of neutron studies, including the background and evolving development of neutron sources, facility design, neutron scattering instrumentation and techniques, and applications in materials phenomena. Drawing on the authors' extensive experience in this field, this text explores the implications of slow-neutron research in greater depth and breadth than ever before in an accessible yet rigorous manner suitable for both students and researchers in the fields of physics, biology, and materials engineering. Through pedagogical examples and in-depth discussion, readers will be able to grasp the full scope of the field of neutron scattering, from theoretical background through to practical, scientific applications.

Chapter

1.10 Time-dependent slowing-down

1.11 The Maxwellian thermal-neutron energy distribution

1.12 The angular distribution at the surface of a moderator – the Fermi approximation

1.13 Summary

Further reading

2 Neutron production, moderation, and characterization of sources

2.1 Primary neutron sources

2.2 Moderators and moderation of fast neutrons

2.3 Characterization of sources

2.4 Conclusion

Further reading

3 Scattering theory: nuclear

3.1 Scattering of slow neutrons from a single spinless nucleus

3.2 The Fermi pseudopotential

3.3 Scattering by simple objects: form factors

3.4 Scattering cross sections and scattering length density

3.5 Double differential scattering cross section and the Fermi golden rule

3.6 Coherent and incoherent scattering

3.7 Scattering functions and correlation functions

3.8 Dynamical susceptibility and linear response theory

3.9 Elastic scattering cross sections, total scattering, and static approximation

3.10 Total scattering and multiple scattering

3.11 Examples of correlation functions and the Gaussian approximation

3.12 Concluding remarks

Further reading

4 Scattering theory: magnetic

4.1 The magnetic moment of the neutron

4.2 Magnetic scattering of neutrons from electrons

4.3 The scattering function, the dynamic correlation function, and the generalized magnetic susceptibility

4.4 Magnetic scattering from atomic electrons in crystalline solids

4.5 Polarized neutrons

4.6 Neutron spin-dependent nuclear scattering: coherent and spin-incoherent scattering

4.7 Magnetic scattering from identical paramagnetic spins

4.8 Separation of nuclear coherent, spin-incoherent, and magnetic scattering from a paramagnetic powder

4.9 Polarization analysis of field-induced magnetic form factors

4.10 Examples

4.11 Concluding remarks

Further reading

5 Neutron-scattering instruments: diffractometers and reflectometers

5.1 Introduction and early neutron diffraction

5.2 Powder diffractometers

5.3 Single-crystal diffractometers

5.4 Small-angle diffractometers

5.5 Neutron reflectometers

Further reading

6 Neutron-scattering instruments: spectrometers

6.1 Chopper spectrometers

6.2 Inverse geometry spectrometers

6.3 Triple-axis spectrometers

6.4 Spin-echo spectrometers

7 Devices

7.1 Collimators

7.2 Mirrors and neutron guides

7.3 Lenses

7.4 Rotating devices

7.5 Crystal monochromators

7.6 Reference scatterers

7.7 Polarizing filters and spin-manipulation devices

7.8 Conclusions

8 Detectors

8.1 Conversion reactions for slow-neutron detectors

8.2 Gas detectors

8.3 Scintillation detectors

8.4 Semiconductor detectors

8.5 Integrating detectors

8.6 Microchannel neutron detectors

8.7 Resonance capture gamma-ray neutron detectors

8.8 Detector development needs

9 Nuclear scattering: crystal structures

9.1 Coherent elastic scattering from a perfect crystal: the Laue condition, Bragg's law, and the Ewald sphere

9.2 The crystallographic unit-cell structure factor and the phase problem

9.3 The total elastic coherent scattering cross-section of a single crystal and a powder: the time-of-flight Laue method

9.4 Diffraction methods using monochromatic incident neutrons

9.5 Kinematical approximation and other wavelength- and geometry-dependent factors

9.6 Implications of crystallographic symmetry

9.7 The Patterson function and Patterson symmetry

9.8 Data collection and crystal structure refinement

9.9 Crystal structure refinement

9.10 An example of structural refinement

9.11 Neutron protein crystallography

9.12 Surface crystallography

9.13 Concluding remarks

10 Nuclear scattering: lattice dynamics

10.1 Theoretical framework

10.2 Phenomenological models, microscopic theories, and molecular-dynamics simulations

10.3 Group-theoretical analysis of the phonon dispersion relation

10.4 Neutron measurements of phonon dispersion curves and density of states

10.5 Phonon-related physics and thermodynamic properties

10.6 Examples

10.7 Studies of phonons in disordered and amorphous solids

10.8 Concluding remarks

Further reading

11 Nuclear scattering: chemical spectroscopy

11.1 A simple classical liquid: a qualitative discussion of the neutron scattering functions

11.2 Single-particle motion in a liquid: microscopic dynamics at short time

11.3 Single-particle motion in a liquid: diffusion dynamics at long time

11.4 The generalized frequency distribution function

11.5 Coherent quasielastic scattering and de Gennes narrowing

11.6 Fast sound measurements by neutron Brillouin scattering and momentum distribution by deep inelastic scattering

11.7 Hydrogen motion in crystalline lattices

11.8 Rotational spectroscopy in molecular solids

11.9 The elastic incoherent structure factor

11.10 Inelastic scattering from molecular rotation: librational-torsional oscillations and tunneling

11.11 Concluding remarks

12 Magnetic scattering: structures

12.1 Magnetic diffraction using unpolarized neutrons

12.2 The magnetic moment basis vector and propagation vectors

12.3 Single-k, multi-k, higher harmonics of k, and domain structures

12.4 Scattering cross sections of magnetic diffraction from single-crystal and powder samples

12.5 Data collection: some practical considerations

12.6 Solving magnetic structures

12.7 Classification of magnetic structures according to magnetic space groups

12.8 Study of magnetic structures using polarized neutrons

12.9 Beyond spin-ordered structures and concluding remarks

13 Magnetic scattering: excitations

13.1 Excitations from low-lying states of a single ion: the crystal-field effect

13.2 Excitation spectra of spin pairs coupled by the Hiesenberg exchange interaction

13.3 Single molecular magnets

13.4 Spin waves of Heisenberg magnets

13.5 Itinerant electron magnetism

13.6 Concluding remarks

Further reading

14 Disordered and large structures

14.1 Basic distribution functions obtained from diffraction experiments

14.2 Experimental details and data correction

14.3 Data interpretation and structure models

14.4 Diffuse scattering from local disorder

14.5 The PDF method for analysis of local structures

14.6 Small-angle scattering from structures containing large particles

14.7 SANS from dilute systems

14.8 Characterization of individual particles

14.9 Interparticle interactions: the structure factors

14.10 Experimental setup and SANS data analysis

14.11 Practical examples of structural parameters obtainable from SANS experiments

14.12 Concluding remarks

Appendices

A.1 Physical constants and numerical relationships

A.2 Dirac delta functions

A.3 Laplace transforms

References

Keywords

Index

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