ISLAMOPHOBIA

Contents

Acknowledgements

About the authors

1 Understanding Islamophobia

Constructing the debate on Islamophobia

Online Islamophobia

Offline Islamophobia

Understanding hate crime

2. Research Methods

Overview of research design

Qualitative interviewing

Reflexivity

3. Triggers of Islamophobic Violence

Terrorist acts – national and international

Rotherham scandal

Islamophobia and media

Visibility of Islam

Islamophobia as a manifestation of racism and racialisation

Intersectional identities

5

5. Impacts of Online and Offline Islamophobia

Emotional and psychological impacts

Online abuse materialising in the ‘real’ world

Responses to repeat victimisation

Islamic identity

Becoming ‘less visible’

6. Prevention and Responses

1. Islamophobia must be challenged from within Muslim communities

2. Media training around reporting stories to do with Muslims

3. The police can improve the way in which they handle cases of Islamophobia

4. The public should intervene and assist victims of Islamophobia on public transport

5. Islamophobia awareness and visibility

6. Social media companies should make their systems of reporting hate crime more user friendly

7. Diversity in the criminal justice system

8. Challenging Islamophobic rhetoric and engaging schools in the debate

Concluding thoughts

References

Index