Chapter
4.1 Fermentation chemistry
4.2 Commercial production of ethanol via fermentation
4.3 Ethanol as a motor vehicle fuel
4.4 Issues affecting possible large-scale production of fuel ethanol
5 Plant oils and biodiesel
5.1 Biosynthesis of plant oils
5.2 Direct use of vegetable oils as diesel fuel
5.3 Transesterification of plant oils
6: Composition and reactions of wood
6.4 Wood saccharification and fermentation
7.1 Bond formation and dissociation
7.2.1 Initiation reactions
7.2.2 Propagation reactions
7.2.3 Termination reactions
7.3 Radical reactions with oxygen
7.5 Hydrogen redistribution
8 Formation of fossil fuels
8.1 Diagenesis: from organic matter to kerogen
8.2 Catagenesis: from kerogen to fossil fuels
8.3 Catagenesis of algal and liptinitic kerogens
8.4 Catagenesis of humic kerogen
9 Structure-property relationships among hydrocarbons
9.1 Intermolecular interactions
9.4 Density and API gravity
9.8 The special effects of aromaticity
10 Composition, properties, and processing of natural gas
10.1.3 Separation of C2+ hydrocarbons
10.2 Natural gas as a premium fuel
11 Composition, classification, and properties of petroleum
11.1.4 Heteroatomic compounds
11.1.5 Inorganic components
11.2 Classification and properties of petroleums
11.2.2 Carbon preference index
11.2.3 Age-depth relationships
11.2.4 Composition relationships
11.3 Asphalts, oil sands, and other unconventional oils
12 Petroleum distillation
12.2 Principles of distillation
12.3 Refinery distillation operations
12.3.1 Atmospheric-pressure distillation
12.3.2 Vacuum distillation
12.4 Introduction to petroleum distillation products
13 Heterogeneous catalysis
13.1.1 The active species
13.2 Adsorption on catalyst surfaces
13.3 Mechanisms of catalytic reactions
13.4 Measures of catalyst performance
13.5 Surface effects on catalysts
14 Catalytic routes to gasoline
14.2 Specifications and properties of gasoline
14.3 Refinery routes to enhanced yield and quality
14.4 Alkylation and polymerization
14.5.1 Cracking catalysts
14.5.2 Cracking reactions
14.6.1 Reforming catalysts
14.6.2 Reforming reactions
14.7 Methanol to gasoline
15 Middle distillate fuels
15.1 Middle distillate fuel products
15.2.1 Hydrodesulfurization
15.2.2 Hydrodenitrogenation
15.2.3 Hydrodemetallation
15.2.7 Sources of hydrogen
16 Thermal processing in refining
16.3.2 Fluid coking and Flexicoking
17: Composition, properties, and classification of coals
17.1 Classification of coal by rank
17.2 The caking behavior of bituminous coals
17.3 Elemental composition
17.4 The macromolecular structures of coals
17.5 Coals as heterogeneous solids
18 The inorganic chemistry of coals
18.1 The origin of inorganic components in coals
18.2 Inorganic composition of coals
18.3 Minerals in coals and their reactions
18.5 Behavior of inorganic components during coal utilization
19 Production of synthesis gas
19.1 Steam reforming of natural gas
19.2 Partial oxidation of heavy oils
19.3 Coal and biomass gasification
19.3.1 Fundamentals of the carbon-steam and related reactions
19.3.2 Coal gasification processes
19.3.3 Fixed-bed gasification
19.3.4 Fluidized-bed gasification
19.3.5 Entrained-flow gasification
19.3.6 Underground coal gasification
19.3.7 Biomass gasification
20 Gas treatment and shifting
21.4 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
21.8 The potential of synthesis gas chemistry
22 Direct production of liquid fuels from coal
22.3 Direct coal liquefaction
22.3.2 Direct liquefaction processing
23 Carbonization and coking of coal
23.1 Thermal decomposition of coals
23.2 Low- and medium-temperature carbonization
23.3 The special case of bituminous coals
23.4 Chemistry of coke formation
23.5 Industrial production of metallurgical coke
24 Carbon products from fossil and biofuels
24.2 Aluminum-smelting anodes
24.4.2 Graphitization processes
24.4.4 High-density isotropic graphites
25.1 Carbon capture and storage
25.1.3 Chemical uses of CO2
25.1.4 Coalbed methane recovery
25.1.5 Enhanced oil recovery
25.1.6 Mineral carbonation
25.1.8 Underground injection