Chemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels ( Cambridge Series in Chemical Engineering )

Publication series :Cambridge Series in Chemical Engineering

Author: Harold Schobert  

Publisher: Cambridge University Press‎

Publication year: 2013

E-ISBN: 9781139602655

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780521114004

Subject: TK Energy and Power Engineering

Keyword: 能源与动力工程

Language: ENG

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Chemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels

Description

Focusing on today's major fuel resources – ethanol, biodiesel, wood, natural gas, petroleum products and coal – this book discusses the formation, composition and properties of the fuels, and the ways in which they are processed for commercial use. It examines the origin of fuels through natural processes such as photosynthesis and the geological transformation of ancient plant material; the relationships between their composition, molecular structures and physical properties; and the various processes by which they are converted or refined into the fuel products appearing on today's market. Fundamental chemical aspects such as catalysis and the behaviour of reactive intermediates are presented, and global warming and anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are also discussed. The book is ideal for graduate students in energy engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering and chemistry, as well as professional scientists and engineers.

Chapter

Notes

Reference

Recommended reading

4 Ethanol

4.1 Fermentation chemistry

4.2 Commercial production of ethanol via fermentation

4.3 Ethanol as a motor vehicle fuel

4.4 Issues affecting possible large-scale production of fuel ethanol

4.5 Cellulosic ethanol

Notes

References

Recommended reading

5 Plant oils and biodiesel

5.1 Biosynthesis of plant oils

5.2 Direct use of vegetable oils as diesel fuel

5.3 Transesterification of plant oils

5.4 Biodiesel

Notes

References

Recommended reading

6: Composition and reactions of wood

6.1 Wood combustion

6.2 Wood pyrolysis

6.2.1 Charcoal

6.2.2 Methanol

6.3 Wood gasification

6.4 Wood saccharification and fermentation

Notes

References

Recommended reading

7 Reactive intermediates

7.1 Bond formation and dissociation

7.2 Radicals

7.2.1 Initiation reactions

7.2.2 Propagation reactions

7.2.3 Termination reactions

7.3 Radical reactions with oxygen

7.4 Carbocations

7.5 Hydrogen redistribution

Notes

Reference

Recommended reading

8 Formation of fossil fuels

8.1 Diagenesis: from organic matter to kerogen

8.2 Catagenesis: from kerogen to fossil fuels

8.3 Catagenesis of algal and liptinitic kerogens

8.4 Catagenesis of humic kerogen

8.5 Summary

Notes

References

Recommended reading

9 Structure-property relationships among hydrocarbons

9.1 Intermolecular interactions

9.2 Volatility

9.3 Melting and freezing

9.4 Density and API gravity

9.5 Viscosity

9.6 Water solubility

9.7 Heat of combustion

9.8 The special effects of aromaticity

Notes

Reference

Recommended reading

10 Composition, properties, and processing of natural gas

10.1 Gas processing

10.1.1 Dehydration

10.1.2 Gas sweetening

10.1.3 Separation of C2+ hydrocarbons

10.2 Natural gas as a premium fuel

Notes

Recommended reading

11 Composition, classification, and properties of petroleum

11.1 Composition

11.1.1 Alkanes

11.1.2 Cycloalkanes

11.1.3 Aromatics

11.1.4 Heteroatomic compounds

11.1.5 Inorganic components

11.2 Classification and properties of petroleums

11.2.1 API gravity

11.2.2 Carbon preference index

11.2.3 Age-depth relationships

11.2.4 Composition relationships

11.3 Asphalts, oil sands, and other unconventional oils

Notes

Recommended reading

12 Petroleum distillation

12.1 Desalting

12.2 Principles of distillation

12.3 Refinery distillation operations

12.3.1 Atmospheric-pressure distillation

12.3.2 Vacuum distillation

12.4 Introduction to petroleum distillation products

12.4.1 Gasoline

12.4.2 Naphtha

12.4.3 Kerosene

12.4.4 Diesel fuel

12.4.5 Fuel oils

12.4.6 Lubricating oils

12.4.7 Waxes

12.4.8 Asphalt

Notes

Recommended reading

13 Heterogeneous catalysis

13.1 Catalytic materials

13.1.1 The active species

13.1.2 The support

13.1.3 The promoter

13.1.4 Preparation

13.2 Adsorption on catalyst surfaces

13.3 Mechanisms of catalytic reactions

13.4 Measures of catalyst performance

13.5 Surface effects on catalysts

Notes

Recommended reading

14 Catalytic routes to gasoline

14.1 Gasoline combustion

14.2 Specifications and properties of gasoline

14.3 Refinery routes to enhanced yield and quality

14.4 Alkylation and polymerization

14.5 Catalytic cracking

14.5.1 Cracking catalysts

14.5.2 Cracking reactions

14.5.3 Practical aspects

14.6 Catalytic reforming

14.6.1 Reforming catalysts

14.6.2 Reforming reactions

14.6.3 Practical aspects

14.7 Methanol to gasoline

Notes

Recommended reading

15 Middle distillate fuels

15.1 Middle distillate fuel products

15.1.1 Kerosene

15.1.2 Jet fuel

15.1.3 Diesel fuel

15.1.4 Fuel oils

15.2 Hydroprocessing

15.2.1 Hydrodesulfurization

15.2.2 Hydrodenitrogenation

15.2.3 Hydrodemetallation

15.2.4 Hydrofining

15.2.5 Hydrocracking

15.2.6 Hydrogenation

15.2.7 Sources of hydrogen

Notes

Recommended reading

16 Thermal processing in refining

16.1 Thermal cracking

16.2 Visbreaking

16.3 Coking processes

16.3.1 Delayed coking

16.3.2 Fluid coking and Flexicoking

Notes

Recommended reading

17: Composition, properties, and classification of coals

17.1 Classification of coal by rank

17.2 The caking behavior of bituminous coals

17.3 Elemental composition

17.4 The macromolecular structures of coals

17.5 Coals as heterogeneous solids

17.6 Physical properties

Notes

Recommended reading

18 The inorganic chemistry of coals

18.1 The origin of inorganic components in coals

18.2 Inorganic composition of coals

18.3 Minerals in coals and their reactions

18.4 Coal cleaning

18.5 Behavior of inorganic components during coal utilization

Notes

Recommended reading

19 Production of synthesis gas

19.1 Steam reforming of natural gas

19.2 Partial oxidation of heavy oils

19.3 Coal and biomass gasification

19.3.1 Fundamentals of the carbon-steam and related reactions

19.3.2 Coal gasification processes

19.3.3 Fixed-bed gasification

19.3.4 Fluidized-bed gasification

19.3.5 Entrained-flow gasification

19.3.6 Underground coal gasification

19.3.7 Biomass gasification

Notes

Recommended reading

20 Gas treatment and shifting

20.1 Gas clean-up

20.2 Acid gas removal

20.3 The water gas shift

Note

Recommended reading

21 Uses of synthesis gas

21.1 Fuel gas

21.2 Methanation

21.3 Methanol synthesis

21.4 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

21.5 Kölbel reaction

21.6 Oxo synthesis

21.7 Gas to liquids

21.8 The potential of synthesis gas chemistry

Notes

Recommended reading

22 Direct production of liquid fuels from coal

22.1 Pyrolysis

22.2 Solvent extraction

22.3 Direct coal liquefaction

22.3.1 Principles

22.3.2 Direct liquefaction processing

Notes

Recommended reading

23 Carbonization and coking of coal

23.1 Thermal decomposition of coals

23.2 Low- and medium-temperature carbonization

23.3 The special case of bituminous coals

23.4 Chemistry of coke formation

23.5 Industrial production of metallurgical coke

Notes

Recommended reading

24 Carbon products from fossil and biofuels

24.1 Activated carbons

24.2 Aluminum-smelting anodes

24.3 Carbon blacks

24.4 Graphites

24.4.1 Natural graphite

24.4.2 Graphitization processes

24.4.3 Electrodes

24.4.4 High-density isotropic graphites

Notes

Recommended reading

25 Carbon dioxide

25.1 Carbon capture and storage

25.1.1 Algae

25.1.2 Biochar

25.1.3 Chemical uses of CO2

25.1.4 Coalbed methane recovery

25.1.5 Enhanced oil recovery

25.1.6 Mineral carbonation

25.1.7 Photocatalysis

25.1.8 Underground injection

25.1.9 Urea synthesis

25.2 Conclusions

Notes

Reference

Recommended reading

Index

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