Chapter
The implications: institutional design, transnational influence, and global democracy
2 Explaining transnational access to international organizations: theories and hypotheses
Conceptualizing transnational access
Functional demand: securing benefits of TNA participation
The logic of functional demand
Functional benefits of TNA access
Hypotheses and observable implications
Strategic legitimation: taming opposition to protect IO authority
The logic of strategic legitimation
Challenges of IO authority
Hypotheses and observable implications
Norm socialization: adopting standards of participatory democracy
The logic of norm socialization
Sources of a global participatory norm
Hypotheses and observable implications
Factors conditioning the expansion of TNA access
3 Patterns of formal TNA access in global governance
The dataset: formal access rules in 50 international organizations
The design of the dataset
Selection of international organizations and organizational bodies
Data collection and processing
Measuring formal TNA access
Secondary dimensions: permanence and codification
A composite index of TNA access
Mapping TNA access to international organizations
TNA access across issue areas, policy functions, and world regions
Congruence analysis: assessing theoretical expectations of empirical patterns
4 Explaining formal TNA access to international organizations: a multivariate analysis
Operationalization of explanatory variables
An explanatory analysis of formal TNA access
Functional demand: noncompliance incentives and local implementation matter
Strategic legitimation: access in response to contentiousness and anticipated protests
Norm socialization: access through upload of domestic democratic standards
Conditioning factors: sovereignty costs as limits to the expansion of access
Diffusion effects: openness of reference groups influences access
5 TNA access across issue areas: the OSCE and the Commonwealth
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
TNA access to the OSCE: an overview
Tracing the evolution of TNA access
The evolution of TNA access to human rights
The evolution of TNA access to security
Explaining TNA access to the OSCE
The Commonwealth of Nations
TNA access to the Commonwealth: an overview
Tracing the historical evolution of TNA access
TNA access to finance policy through the Finance Ministers Meetings
TNA access to health policy through the Health Ministers Meetings
Explaining TNA access to the Commonwealth
6 TNA access across the policy process: the ADB and the IWC
The Asian Development Bank
TNA access to the ADB: an overview
Tracing the historical evolution of TNA access
The evolution of TNA access to policy implementation
The evolution of TNA access to policy formulation
The evolution of TNA access to decision-making
The evolution of TNA access to monitoring and enforcement
Explaining TNA access to the ADB
The International Whaling Commission
TNA access to the IWC: an overview
Tracing the evolution of TNA access
The evolution of TNA access to policy formulation
The evolution of TNA access to decisionmaking
The evolution of TNA access to monitoring and enforcement
Explaining TNA access to the IWC
The transnational design of international organizations
Determinants of TNA access: a summary of the findings
The opening up of international organizations, 1950–2010
Implications for global governance
The institutional design of international organizations
Transnational activism and influence
Civil society and global democracy
The Opening Up of International Organizations
：Transnational Access in Global Governance
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