Chapter
Chapter 3: Mood disorders
Novel leads from preclinical and clinical studies
Molecular targets of existing antidepressants and mood stabilizers: beyond the monoamine systems
Long-term changes induced by early life events
Dendritic spine remodeling
Functional neuroanatomy, translational neuroimaging, and new therapeutic approaches
Neurocircuitry underlying the pathophysiology of mood disorders
Networks involving the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
Neurophysiological imaging studies of patients with mood disorders
Neuropathological correlations with neuroimaging abnormalities
MRS measures of glutamate, glutamine, and GABA
Relationship to rodent stress models
Implications of neurocircuitry-based models of depression for treatment mechanisms
History of drug discovery for treating schizophrenia
Synaptic changes and dysconnectivity
Electrophysiological measures
Animal models of schizophrenia
Novel therapeutic targets
Conclusions and future directions
Chapter 5: Addictive disorders
Validity of animal models
Strategies for medication-assisted treatment of addictive disorders
Cross-tolerance as a therapeutic strategy
Receptor antagonists to block drug effects
The partial agonist strategy
Medication strategies for nicotine addiction
A new strategy aimed at blocking an endogenous system activated by a drug of abuse
Activation of inhibitory systems
Future goals: understanding plasticity
Chapter 6: Section summary and perspectives: Translational medicine in psychiatry
Elimination of current diagnostic schemata
Genome-wide association studies
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)
Chapter 7: Historical perspectives on the discovery and development of drugs to treat neurological disorders
Hurdles to new therapeutics
Genetics of neurodegenerative diseases
Alzheimer's disease – the a myloid and tau hypotheses
Alzheimer's disease and anti-inflammatory drugs
Alzheimer's disease and metabolic syndrome
New approaches to treat Parkinson's disease
Clinical score card for neurodegenerative diseases
Common themes in neurodegenerative disease drug discovery
Gene-based drug discovery in neurodegenerative diseases
Future translational aspects
Chapter 8: Alzheimer's disease
Clinical and laboratory features of individuals with MCI and AD
Clinical features, neuropathology, and biochemistry
Amyloidogenesis, APP, and amyloid precursor-like proteins (APLPs)
FAD and influences of risk factors
Transgenic models of Aβ
amyloidosis and tauopathies
Experimental manipulations and potential therapeutic strategies
Chapter 9: Pain therapeutics
Current pharmacological approaches to pain management
Research and development in pain therapeutics
Acute or nociceptive pain models
Animal models of pain: are they translational models?
Use of translational medicine for the discovery of novel treatments of pain
Experimental pain models in humans
Chapter 10: Multiple sclerosis
A historical perspective on the evolution of disease-modifying treatments
Factors that improve the efficiency of translational medicine
The identification of drug targets within well-validated biological pathways
The use of pharmacodynamic markers, especially in early proof-of-concept and dose-ranging clinical trials
The appropriate use of animal models of disease
The availability of imaging surrogate biomarkers of disease activity in proof-of-concept trials
The use of validated clinical outcome measures that confirm clinically meaningful treatment effects
The future of disease-modifying therapies
Chapter 11: Parkinson's disease
Clinical and pathological characteristics
Etiology: environmental and genetic factors
Current clinical treatment
L-dopa and dopamine agonists
Nondopaminergic treatment strategies
Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of L-dopa-induced motor complications
Medical needs not met by current therapies
Opportunities for diagnosis and therapeutic biomarkers
Biomarkers for progression
New molecular and therapeutic approaches: a case study of adenosine A2A antagonists
Clinical trials with the A2A antagonist istradefylline
Disease-modifying effect of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists
Translation from animal models to the clinic in developing neuroprotective strategies
Relevance of apoptosis pathway to neurodegeneration in Parkinsons disease
Chapter 12: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
The challenges of translational medicine
Heterogeneity of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Mouse models: shortcomings
Absence of biomarkers for diagnosis or determining therapeutic efficacy
Advances in identifying relevant therapeutic targets
Cell-specific targets for drug intervention and discovery
Role of translational medicine
Potential opportunities for translational medicine
Traditional drug targets and deliveries
Stem-cell therapies for transplantation and drug discovery
Interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotides
Currently available preclinical screening models
Seizure test vs. epilepsy model
Characteristics of an ideal seizure assay
The preclinical discovery of antiepileptic drugs
The maximal electroshock and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol tests
Genetic models of human epilepsy
Side effects of antiepileptic drugs
Strategies for discovery of new antiepileptic drugs
Preclinical assessment of seizure liability
Beyond small molecules for epilepsy treatment
Antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of nonepileptic conditions
Translating into humans: proof-of-concept studies, regulatory pathways, and future directions
Regulatory pathways and requirements
Chapter 14: Section summary and perspectives: Translational medicine in neurology
Preclinical animal models
Pathophysiology and combination therapies
Chapter 15: Historical perspectives on the use of therapeutic agents to treat neurodevelopmental disorders
Neurobiology and pharmacotherapy of autistic disorder
The pharmacology of fragile X syndrome
Emergence of drug therapy in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Chapter 16: Autism spectrum disorders
Electrophysiological signatures and imaging biomarkers of autism
Magnetoencephalographic studies of auditory processing – M100, magnetic mismatch field
Resting state magnetoencephalography
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of γ-aminobutyric acid
Heterogeneity and strategies for translational research in autism
Translational models of autism
Criteria for validating preclinical models of autism
Behavioral phenotypes in preclinical models
Assessing model specificity
Translational approaches to preclinical investigation
Chapter 17: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the prefrontal cortex
Catecholamines and prefrontal cortex function
Pharmacology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Therapeutic actions of stimulants are not paradoxical
Neurochemical actions of low-dose psychostimulants
Effects of low-dose psychostimulants on noradrenergic neuronal discharge
Effects of low-dose psychostimulants on prefrontal cortex neuronal activity
Cognition-enhancing actions of low-dose stimulants involve α2 and D1 receptors
Summary: neurobiology of low-dose psychostimulants
Tricyclic antidepressants and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Summary: pharmacology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Potential use of selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors
Pharmacology vs. etiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Heterogeneity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Chapter 18: Epigenetic mechanisms in central nervous system disorders
Brief overview of epigenetic chromatin remodeling mechanisms
Covalent post-translational histone modifications
Covalent modifications of DNA
Neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders
Future directions and conclusions
Chapter 19: Section summary and perspectives: Neurodevelopmental disorders and regulation of epigenetic changes
Epigenetics and neurodevelopmental disorders
Micro RNAs and neurodevelopmental regulation
Chapter 20: Promises and challenges of translational research in neuropsychiatry
Definition and promises of translational neuropsychiatric research
How is the term translational research actually used?
What are the first steps and first blocks in bench-to-bedside T1 research?
Scientific conundrums and blocks
Translational neuropsychiatry: from a simple disorder (HD) to a very complex disorder (schizophrenia)
Schizophrenia: a complex disorder
Translating psychosocial and behavioral interventions to their neurobiological substrates: a novel and underutilized translational strategy
Anatomy of the translational neuropsychiatric revolution
Pretense of wisdom syndrome
Translational Neuroscience
：Applications in Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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