Small Animal Thoracic Surgery

Contents

Preface

About the Companion Website

Section 1 General Principles

1 Cardiopulmonary Function

The Oxygen Pathway

Ventilation

Carbon Dioxide Tension

Alveolar Gas Equation

Hypoventilation

Breathing Patterns

Tidal Volume and Minute Volume

Arterial Carbon Dioxide Tension

End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Tension

Pulmonary Gas Exchange

Diffusion Impairment

Shunt

Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch

Alveolar-Arterial PO2 Gradient

Shunt Fraction (QsQ)

Oxygen Saturation and Oxygen Content

Oxygen Delivery, Oxygen Consumption, and Oxygen Extraction

Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output, Blood Pressure, and Vascular Resistance

Pressure-Volume Relationship

Stroke Volume (Preload, Afterload, Contractility)

Heart Failure

Summary

References

2 Cardiopulmonary Monitoring and Supportive Care

Ventilation

Gas Exchange

Blood Pressure

Systemic Blood Pressure

Central Venous Pressure

Pulmonary Arterial and Wedge Pressures

Cardiac Output

Heart Rate and Rhythm

3 Instrumentation

Section 2 Thoracic Approaches

4 Thoracotomy

Intercostal Thoracotomy

Postoperative Management

References

5 Sternotomy

Postoperative Care

Reference

6 Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery

Minimal-Incision Thoracotomy

Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS)

Instrumentation

General Rules for Thoracoscopic Surgery

Thoracoscopic Approaches

Improving Working Space and One-Lung Ventilation

Image-Guided Interventions

References

Section 3 Thoracic Wall and Pleural Space

7 Thoracostomy and Pleural Drainage

Thoracocentesis

Thoracostomy Tubes

Closed Thoracostomy Tube Placement

Thoracostomy Tube Management

Long-Term Pleural Drainage

References

8 Thoracic Wall

Structure and Function

Trauma

Thoracic Wall Neoplasia

Biopsy

Thoracic Wall Resection and Reconstruction

Post-Operative Care

Pectus Excavatum

References

9 Pleural Effusions

Structure and Function

Diagnosis

Pyothorax

Chylothorax

Diversion of Chylous Flow

Reducing Resistance to Chylous Flow

Enhancing Absorption or Drainage of Chylous Effusion

Neoplastic Pleural Effusion

References

10 Pneumothorax

Diagnosis

Treatment

Open Pneumothorax

Closed Traumatic Pneumothorax

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

References

Section 4 General Thoracic Surgery

11 Thymoma and Mediastinal Masses

Diagnosis

Surgery for Cranial Mediastinal Masses

Sternotomy

Thoracoscopy

References

12 Esophagus

Structure and Function

Surgical Conditions of the Esophagus

Esophageal Foreign Bodies

Esophageal Strictures

Esophageal Diverticula

Esophageal Fistulae

Esophageal Neoplasia

Surgery of the Esophagus

Approaches to the Thoracic Esophagus

Esophagotomy

Transdiaphragmatic Gastrotomy

Esophageal Resection and Anastomosis

Esophageal Patching

Esophageal Substitution

References

13 Vascular Ring Anomalies

Types of Vascular Ring Anomaly

Diagnosis

Surgery

Persistent Right Aortic Arch with Left Ligamentum Arteriosum

Aberrant Left or Right Subclavian Artery

Persistent Right Ligamentum Arteriosum

Double Aortic Arch

Surgery for Esophageal Dilation

References

14 Trachea

Structure and Function

Temporary Tracheostomy

Permanent Tracheostomy

Traumatic Tracheal Injury

Tracheal Resection and Anastomosis

Tracheal Rupture

Tracheal Collapse

Ring Tracheoplasty

Tracheal Stenting

References

15 Lung

Structure and Function

Surgical Conditions of the Lung

Diagnosis

Surgery

Partial Lung Resection

Lung Lobectomy

References

16 Diaphragm

Structure and Function

Surgical Conditions of the Diaphragm

Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia

Congenital Pleuroperitoneal Diaphragmatic Hernia

Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia

Hiatal Hernia

Surgery of the Diaphragm

Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair

Transverse Abdominis Muscle Flap Repair of Diaphragmatic Defects

Repair of Peritoneopericardial Hernia

Repair of Hiatal Hernia

Care after Surgery

References

Section 5 Cardiac Surgery

17 Pericardium

Structure and Function

Pathophysiology

Pericardial Effusion

Diagnosis

Surgery

Subtotal Pericardiectomy

Pericardial Window

Constrictive Pericarditis

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Pericardiectomy and Epicardial Decortication

References

18 Strategies for Cardiac Surgery

Beating Heart Surgery

Venous Inflow Occlusion

Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Circuit and Equipment

Monitoring

Cannulation

Perfusion

Discontinuation of Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Care after Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Hybrid Cardiac Surgery

References

19 Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

PDA Ligation

Division of PDA

Expected Outcomes

References

20 Pulmonary and Aortic Valves

Pulmonary Stenosis and Pulmonary Outflow Obstructions

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Transventricular Pulmonary Valvuloplasty

Pulmonary Patch-Graft

Pulmonary Valve Bypass

Outcomes

Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Transapical Aortic Valve Dilation

Aortic Valve Bypass (Apico-Aortic) Conduit

Outcomes

Aortic Insufficiency

Heterotopic Aortic Valve Implantation

References

21 Tricuspid and Mitral Valves

Congenital Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia

Diagnosis

Indications

Tricuspid Valve Replacement

Tricuspid Valve Repair

Expected Outcomes

Mitral Regurgitation

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Indications of Surgery

Surgical Approaches to the Mitral Valve

Mitral Valve Replacement

Mitral Valve Repair

Outcomes

References

22 Congenital Septal Defects

Ventricular Septal Defect

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Pulmonary Artery Banding

Open Repair of VSD

Outcomes

Atrial and Atrioventricular Septal Defect

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Open Repair for ASD and AVSD

Outcomes

Tetralogy of Fallot

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Modified Blalock-Taussig Shunt

Open Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot

Outcomes

References

23 Cor Triatriatum and Double-Chambered Right Ventricle

Cor Triatriatum

Membranectomy for Cor Triatriatum Dexter

Expected Outcomes

Double-Chambered Right Ventricle

Surgery for Double-Chambered Right Ventricle

Expected Outcome

References

24 Cardiac Neoplasia

Hemangiosarcoma

Right Auriculectomy

Intracavitary Cardiac Masses

Removal of Intracavitary Cardiac Masses

Heart Base Tumors

References

25 Epicardial Pacemaker Implantation

Epicardial Pacing

Pulse Generator

Lead Wire

Epicardial Pacemaker Implantation

Transdiaphragmatic Approach

Mini-Thoracotomy Approach

Post-Operative Care

References

Index

EULA