Title page

Contents

Contributors

31 Infectious diseases that may threaten Europe’s amphibians

I. Introduction

II. Viruses

A. Ranavirosis

B. Herpesvirosis

III. Bacteria

IV. Fungi

A. Chytridiomycosis

V. Oomycetes

A. Saprolegniosis

VI. Mesomycetozoea

A. Amphibiocystidium sp.

VII. Protozoa

VIII. Metazoa

IX. Concluding remarks

X. References

32 Conservation and declines of amphibians in Ireland

I. Introduction

II. The Irish amphibians

A. Lissotriton vulgaris

B. Rana temporaria

C. Bufo [Epidalea] calamita

III. Conservation measures and monitoring programmes

IV. Status of Irish amphibians on the red data list

V. Conclusions

VI. References

33 Amphibian declines and conservation in Britain

I. Introduction

II. Amphibian declines and conservation measures

A. The great crested newt (Triturus cristatus)

B. The pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae)

C. The natterjack toad (Bufo [Epidalea] calamita)

D. The common toad (Bufo bufo)

E. The agile frog (Rana dalmatina)

F. Other species and issues

G. Species’ status

III. Monitoring of amphibians in Britain

IV. Conclusions

V. Acknowledgements

VI. References

34 Conservation and declines of amphibians in The Netherlands

I. Introduction

II. Declining species and species of special conservation concern

A. Bombina variegata

B. Salamandra salamandra

C. Hyla arborea

D. Pelobates fuscus

E. Triturus cristatus

F. Lissotriton helveticus

G. Alytes obstetricans

H. Bufo calamita

III. Conservation measures and monitoring programmes

A. Conservation measures

B. Monitoring programmes

IV. Perspective

V. Acknowledgements

VI. References

35 Amphibian declines and conservation in Belgium

I. Introduction

II. Legal protection and current status of amphibians

III. Species of special conservation concern

A. The yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata)

B. The treefrog (Hyla arborea)

C. The common spadefoot (Pelobates fuscus)

D. The common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans)

E. The fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra)

F. The natterjack toad (Bufo [Epidalea] calamita)

G. The great crested newt (Triturus cristatus)

IV. Conservation and monitoring

V. Acknowledgments

VI. References

36 Amphibian declines and conservation in France

I. Introduction

A. Threats to amphibians in France

1. Destruction and alteration of habitats

2. Diseases

3. Non-native species

II. Declining species of amphibians and species of concern for conservation

A. Species with a reduced distribution in France

1. Species that reach their distributional limit in France

A. Salamandra atra

B. Bufo viridis

C. Pelobates fuscus

D. Rana arvalis

2. Narrowly distributed species that occur in France

A. Calotriton asper

B. Salamandra lanzai

C. Rana pyrenaica

B. Widely distributed species that occur in France

III. Conservation measures and monitoring programmes

A. National action plans

B. The Natura 2000 Network and the Habitats Directive in France

1. Amphibians and the Natura 2000 Network

2. Implementation of Article 17 of the Habitats Directive

C. Monitoring of amphibians in France

D. Protected areas

1. National parks and nature reserves

2. Other protected areas

IV. The Red List of amphibians of metropolitan France

V. Conclusions

VI. Acknowledgements

VII. References

37 Conservation and declines of amphibians in Spain

I. Introduction

II. Declining species

III. Conservation measures and monitoring programmes

IV. Red List

V. Conclusions

VI. Acknowledgments

VII. References

38 Conservation and declines of amphibians in Portugal

I. Introduction – the country and its amphibian fauna

II. Threats to amphibians

III. Declining species or species of special concern for conservation

IV. Conservation measures and monitoring programmes

V. Conclusions

VI. Acknowledgments

VII. References

Index